{"id":971,"date":"2017-05-21T11:39:35","date_gmt":"2017-05-21T02:39:35","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=971"},"modified":"2017-05-22T10:08:26","modified_gmt":"2017-05-22T01:08:26","slug":"change-of-bract-size-and-color-%e8%8b%9e%e3%81%ae%e5%a4%a7%e3%81%8d%e3%81%95%e3%82%84%e8%89%b2%e3%81%ae%e5%a4%89%e5%8c%96","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=971","title":{"rendered":"Change of bract size and color \u82de\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3084\u8272\u306e\u5909\u5316"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Lavandula<\/p>\n

\u30e9\u30d9\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u5c5e\u306f\u7d0436\u7a2e\u304c\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\u3001\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u76c6\u5730\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u5317\u6771\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u5357\u897f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u5357\u897f\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u3001\u30a2\u30e9\u30d3\u30a2\u534a\u5cf6\u3001\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u4e2d\u90e8\u3068\u5357\u90e8\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\uff08Harley et al. 2004)\u3002Lavandula<\/i> stoechas<\/i>\u306f\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u91ce\u751f\u3059\u308b\uff08Upson and Andrews 2004)\u3002<\/p>\n

Lavandula<\/i> includes approximately 36 species, which are distributed in Macronesia, Mediterranean basin, North and North East Africa, South West Africa, South West Asia, Arabian Peninsula, and Central and south India (Harley et al. 2004). Lavandula stoechas <\/i>is distributed in Mediterranean regions (Upson and Andrews 2004).<\/p>\n

Harley, R.M., Atkins, S., Budantsev, A.L., Cantino, P.D., Conn, B.J., Grayer, R., Harley, M.M., de Kok, R., Krestovskaja, T., Morales, R., Paton, A.J., Ryding, O., and Upson, T. 2004. Labiatae. In Kubitzki, K. ed. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants VII: Kadereit, J.E. ed. Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Lamiales (except Acanthaceae including Avicenniaceae). Springer, Berlin.<\/p>\n

Upson, T. and S. Andrews 2004. The Genus Lavandula, Botanical Magazine Monograph. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<\/p>\n

\"Lavandula<\/p>\n

\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u4e2d\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\uff11\u3064\u306e\u82de\u306b\uff15\u3064\uff08\u57fa\u90e8\u5074\uff09\u304b\u3089\uff11\u3064\uff08\u9802\u7aef\u5074\uff09\u306e\u82b1\u304c\u62b1\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

A bract subtends five flowers to one flower depending on its position in an inflorescence.<\/p>\n

\"Lavandula<\/p>\n

\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u5074\u306e\uff14\u679a\u306e\u82de\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u82de\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7dba\u9e97\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30ac\u30ac\u30a4\u30e2\u5c5e(Wilson and Price 1977)\u3001\u30d9\u30b4\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e (Schemske and Agren 1995)\u3001\u30d2\u30a8\u30f3\u30bd\u30a6\u5c5e (Waser and Price 1991)\u3001\u30b9\u30df\u30ec\u79d1\u306e\u30d2\u30d0\u30c4\u30b9\u5c5e (Augspurger 1980)\u306a\u3069\u3067\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u3092\u8a98\u5f15\u3059\u308b\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5897\u3084\u3059\u3068\u3001\u5a92\u4ecb\u6606\u866b\u306e\u6570\u3082\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7814\u7a76\u7d50\u679c\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001Lavandula stoechas<\/i>\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u91ce\u5916\u96c6\u56e3\u3067\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u72b6\u82de\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u3044\u305f\u500b\u4f53\u3068\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u3044\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u500b\u4f53\u3092\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u3067\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u6570\u3001\u7a2e\u5b50\u6570\u306b\u7d71\u8a08\u7684\u306b\u6709\u70ba\u306a\u9055\u3044\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\uff08Herrera 1997)\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001Lavandula stoechas<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u72b6\u82de\u306f\u3001\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u304c\u5341\u5206\u306b\u3044\u308b\u901a\u5e38\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3001\u5c11\u6570\u306e\u690d\u7269\u4f53\u3060\u3051\u304c\u751f\u80b2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306a\u3069\u306b\u9069\u5fdc\u7684\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff08Herrera 1997)\u3002<\/p>\n

Most distal four bracts are larger and more colorful than other bracts.\u00a0Several reports showed the positive relationships between costs in advertisement and pollinator visitations in Asclepias<\/i> (Wilson and Price 1977), Begonia<\/em> (Schemske and Agren 1995), Delphinium<\/em> (Waser and Price 1991), Hybanthus<\/i> (Augspurger 1980), and so on (Gori 1983). However, the removal of large and colorful bracts in Lavandula stoechas <\/i>did not significantly reduce pollinator visitation rates and fecundity in wild populations, implying that those bracts function in unusual conditions, including extremely low plant density (Herrera 1997).<\/p>\n

Augspurger, C. K. 1980. Mass-flowering of a tropical shrub (Hybanthus prunifolius): influence on pollinator attraction and movement. Evolution 34:475-488.<\/p>\n

Gori, D. F 1983. Post-pollination phenomena and adaptive floral changes. Pages 31-49 in C. E. Jones and R. J. Little, editors. Handbook of experimental pollination biology. Sci- entific and Academic Editions, New York, New York, USA.<\/p>\n

Herrera J. 1997 The role of colored accessory bracts in the reproductive biology of Lavandula stoechas. Ecology<\/i> 78, 494\u2013504.<\/p>\n

Stearn, W.T. 1992 Botanical Latin 4th ed. Timber Press, Oregon.<\/p>\n

Schemske, D. W., and J. Agren. 1995. Deceit pollination and selection on female flower size in Begonia involucrata: an experimental approach. Evolution 49:207-214.<\/p>\n

Waser, N. M., and M. V. Price. 1991. Outcrossing distance effects in Delphinium nelsonii: pollen loads, pollen tubes, and seed set. Ecology 72:171-179.<\/p>\n

Willson, M. F, and P. W. Price. 1977. The evolution of in- florescence size in Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae). Evolution 31:495-511.<\/p>\n

\"Lavandula<\/p>\n

\u5927\u304d\u306a\u82de\u306e\u814b\u306b\u306f\u82b1\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u82de\u3068\u82b1\u306f\u540c\u3058\u539f\u57fa\u304b\u3089\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u304c\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u82de\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3068\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u5360\u3081\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u305f\u3081\u82b1\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u9006\u306b\u3001\u82b1\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u305d\u306e\u5206\u3001\u82de\u3078\u306e\u5272\u5f53\u304c\u5897\u3048\u3001\u82de\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

No flowers are formed at the axils of large bracts. If the size of a primordium to form a bract and flower (s) is limited, a primordium can make only a bract and no flowers when a bract becomes larger. On the other hand, a lack of flower initiation might result in the extra space for a large bract.<\/p>\n

\"Lavandula<\/p>\n

Lavandula dentata<\/i>\u306f\u3001\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u5730\u57df\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b (Upson and Andrews 2004)\u3002\u5148\u7aef\u306e\u7d0410\u679a\u306e\u82de\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3001\u30ab\u30e9\u30d5\u30eb\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

Lavandula dentata <\/i>is distributed in the Mediterranean region (Upson and Andrews 2004). Lavandula dentata <\/i>forms approximately ten large bracts in comparison to usually four in Lavandula stoechas. <\/i><\/p>\n

Upson, T. and S. Andrews 2004. The Genus Lavandula, Botanical Magazine Monograph. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.<\/p>\n

\"Lavandula<\/p>\n

\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u57fa\u90e8\u5074\u306e\u82de\u306f\u7d04\uff13\u500b\u306e\u82b1\u3092\u62b1\u304d\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306e\u82de\u306f\uff11\u500b\u3001\u5148\u7aef\u8fd1\u304f\u306e\u82de\u306f\u82b1\u3092\u62b1\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3002Lavandula stoechas <\/i>\u3068 Lavandula dentata<\/i> \u306e\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u767a\u751f\u306e\u4ed5\u65b9\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n

More basal large bracts subtend approximately three flowers, middle ones one flower, and distal three or four bracts do not any flowers. What is the developmental difference between Lavandula stoechas <\/i>and Lavandula dentata<\/i>?<\/p>\n

\"Salvia<\/p>\n

Salvia <\/i>virdis<\/i>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5e8f\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u82de\u304c\u82b1\u3092\u7740\u3051\u308b\u82de\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u7d2b\u306b\u8272\u3065\u304f\u304c\u3001\u82de\u306e\u814b\u306b\u306f\u82b1\u304c\u3064\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u82de\u306f\u3001\u7dd1\u8272\u3067\u814b\u306b\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9055\u3044\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f15\u304d\u8d77\u3053\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u9032\u5316\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u5168\u304f\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u4f5c\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4f53\u306e\u3069\u3053\u304b\u5225\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3067\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u305f\u767a\u751f\u6a5f\u69cb\u3001\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u7cfb\u3092\u7528\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u8272\u306e\u4ed8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u82b1\u5f01\u306e\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u7cfb\u3092\u6d41\u7528\u3057\u305f\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7d2b\u8272\u306e\u82de\u304c\u7dd1\u306e\u82de\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u306f\u3069\u3046\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3069\u3046\u3084\u3063\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u5668\u5b98\u3092\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n

Large and colorful bracts are also observed in Salvia <\/i>and do not subtend flowers. Basal bracts are greenish and how these large and colorful bracts acquired the developmental system during the evolution. At least,<\/p>\n

Genetic regulatory network for color pigmentation appears to be coopted from that used in petals, while it is difficult to hypothesize the evolution of the additional growth.<\/p>\n

\"Houttuynia<\/p>\n

\u30c9\u30af\u30c0\u30df\u306e\u82b1\u5e8f\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u90e8\u306e\uff14\u3064\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u82de\uff08\u8d64\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304c\u4ed6\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u82de\uff08\u9ec4\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u82b1\u5e8f\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u507d\u82b1\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30b7\u30bd\u79d1\u306e\u30e9\u30d9\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u5c5e\u3084\u30b5\u30eb\u30d3\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u82de\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u304c\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5668\u5b98\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3092\u5236\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3001\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u690d\u7269\u3067\u540c\u3058\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306f\u307e\u3060\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

In the pseudanthium of Houttuynia<\/i> cordata <\/i>in the Piperaceae, basal four flowers are subtended by large and white bracts, while other flowers are by tiny and white bracts. This suggests that bracts of basal four flowers evolved to become larger, or bracts except basal four to become smaller. Again, molecular and developmental mechanisms to regulate the organ size is not well understood and we do not know what change of genetic regulatory networks caused such evolution.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u30e9\u30d9\u30f3\u30c0\u30fc\u5c5e\u306f\u7d0436\u7a2e\u304c\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\u3001\u5730\u4e2d\u6d77\u76c6\u5730\u3001\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u5317\u6771\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u5357\u897f … \u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080 →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[40,88,155,138,175,143],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/971"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=971"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/971\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":983,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/971\/revisions\/983"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}