{"id":1508,"date":"2026-05-06T21:23:57","date_gmt":"2026-05-06T12:23:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1508"},"modified":"2026-05-06T21:23:57","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T12:23:57","slug":"%e3%83%8a%e3%83%9d%e3%83%ac%e3%82%aa%e3%83%8a%e3%82%a8%e3%82%a2%e5%b1%9e%ef%bc%88%e3%82%b5%e3%82%ac%e3%83%aa%e3%83%90%e3%83%8a%e7%a7%91%ef%bc%89%e3%81%ae%e8%a4%87%e9%9b%91%e3%81%aa%e8%8a%b1-complex-fl","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1508","title":{"rendered":"\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\uff08\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\uff09\u306e\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u82b1 Complex flowers of Napoleonaea<\/em> (Lecythidaceae)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1 Lecythidaceae\u306f\u7d0430\u5c5e\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308a\u3001\u71b1\u5e2f\u57df\u306b\u5e83\u304f\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\uff08POWO 2026)\u3002\u591a\u6570\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5171\u901a\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u7fa4\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u5316\u3059\u308b\u5c5e\u3084\u3001\u7acb\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u5f62\u614b\u3078\u3068\u5909\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5c5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lecythidaceae comprises approximately 30 genera and is widely distributed in the tropics (POWO 2026). It is characterized by the production of numerous stamens and includes genera in which part of the androecium is modified into staminodes, as well as genera in which the androecium has evolved into highly three-dimensional and diverse forms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u591a\u6570\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u6301\u3064<\/a>
\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u591a\u6570\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u6301\u3064 Species of Lecythidaceae have numerous stamens
(Napoleonaea leonensis<\/em>: Photo by\u00a0 Carel Jongkind, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/79271253, CC BY-NC
Scytopetalum pierreanum<\/em>: Photo by Bart Wursten, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/63908965, CC BY-NC
Foetidia mauritiana<\/em>: Photo by marc_roussin, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/223220378, CC BY-NC)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u306e\u4e9c\u79d1\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u6a39\u3068\u5206\u5c90\u5e74\u4ee3
Phylogeny and divergence times of Lecythidaceae subfamilies<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u306f\u30015\u4e9c\u79d1\u3092\u542b\u3080\u5e83\u7fa9\u306e\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\uff08APG IV 2016\uff1bStevens 2001 onwards\uff09\u3068\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u4e9c\u79d1\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30b9\u30ad\u30c8\u30da\u30bf\u30eb\u30e0\u4e9c\u79d1\u3092\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u72ec\u7acb\u306e\u79d1\u3068\u3057\u3001\u6b8b\u308a\u306e3\u4e9c\u79d1\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u72ed\u7fa9\u306e\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5206\u985e\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08Huang et al. 2015\uff1bMori et al. 2017\uff09\u3002\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\u5e83\u7fa9\u306e\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7cfb\u7d71\u6a39\u306e\u6a39\u5f62\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5206\u5c90\u5e74\u4ee3\u306f Rose et al. (2018) \u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lecythidaceae has been classified either in a broad sense, Lecythidaceae sensu lato<\/em> including five subfamilies (APG IV 2016; Stevens 2001 onwards), or in a narrow sense, in which Napoleonaeoideae and Scytopetaloideae are treated as separate families and the remaining three subfamilies constitute Lecythidaceae sensu stricto<\/em> (Huang et al. 2015; Mori et al. 2017). In this study, Lecythidaceae is treated in the broad sense. The topology and divergence times of the above phylogeny follow Rose et al. (2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u79d1\u306e\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u5f62\u614b\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u691c\u7d22\u8868
1. \u4eee\u96c4\u854a\u304c\u82b1\u5f01\u5316\u3059\u308b \u2026\u2026 \u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u4e9c\u79d1Napoleonaeaceae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. \u4eee\u96c4\u854a\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3044\u2026\u2026 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5b50\u623f\u306f\u4e0a\u4f4d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u3084\u3084\u4e0b\u4f4d \u2026\u2026\u30b9\u30ad\u30c8\u30da\u30bf\u30eb\u30e0\u4e9c\u79d1 Scytopetaloideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. \u5b50\u623f\u306f\u4e0b\u4f4d\u307e\u305f\u306f\u534a\u4e0b\u4f4d \u2026\u2026 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u82b1\u5f01\u3092\u6b20\u304f \u2026\u2026 \u30d5\u30a9\u30a8\u30c6\u30a3\u30c7\u30a3\u30a2\u4e9c\u79d1Foetidioideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. \u82b1\u5f01\u3092\u3082\u3064 \u2026\u2026 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u7fa4\u306e\u5185\u5074\u306b\u74b0\u72b6\u871c\u817a\u3042\u308a\uff1b\u65e7\u71b1\u5e2f \u2026\u2026\u30b5\u30ac\u30ea\u30d0\u30ca\u4e9c\u79d1Barringtonioideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u7fa4\u306e\u5185\u5074\u306b\u74b0\u72b6\u871c\u817a\u306a\u3057\uff1b\u65b0\u71b1\u5e2f \u2026\u2026 \u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30b9\u30c3\u30c8\u30ce\u30ad\u4e9c\u79d1Lecythidoideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dichotomous key to the Lecythidaceae based on macromorphology<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Staminodes petaloid \u2026 Napoleonaeoideae (Napoleonaeaceae)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Staminodes not petaloid \u2026 2<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ovary superior or semi-inferior \u2026 Asteranthoideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Ovary inferior or half-inferior \u2026 3<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Petals absent \u2026 Foetidioideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Petals present \u2026 4<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Annular intrastaminal nectary present; distribution in the Old World \u2026 Barringtonioideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Annular intrastaminal nectary absent; distribution in the New World \u2026 Lecythidoideae<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u4e9c\u79d1\u306e\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u3068\u30af\u30e9\u30c6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c6\u30a5\u30b9\u5c5e
Napoleonaea <\/em>and Crateranthus <\/em>in Napoleonaeoideae
Napoleonaea beninensis<\/em>: Photo by Scott Zona, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/91855160, CC BY-NC <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u4e9c\u79d1\u306f\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5eNapoleonaea<\/em>\u3068\u30af\u30e9\u30c6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c6\u30a5\u30b9\u5c5eCrateranthus<\/em>\u306e\uff12\u5c5e\u3092\u542b\u3080\uff08Mori et al. 2017\uff09\u3002\u591a\u6570\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u82b1\u5f01\u72b6\u306e\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3068\u306a\u308b\u70b9\u304c\u5171\u901a\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5199\u771f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u5316\u3057\u305f\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u8d64\u8272\u306e\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\uff08\u56f31\u30012\uff09\u3002Crateranthus<\/em> <\/em>latestui<\/em>\u306e\u7dda\u753b\uff08\u56f32\uff09\u306e\u8aac\u660e (Lecomte 1920)\uff1a1. \u8449\u3092\u3064\u3051\u305f\u679d; 2. \u3064\u307c\u307f; 3. \u5206\u96e2\u3057\u305f\u843c\u7247; 4. \u843c\u7247\u3092\u9664\u53bb\u3057\u3066\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u6027\u30b3\u30ed\u30ca\uff08\u7d2b\u8272\uff09\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u82b1; 5. \u540c\u3001\u4e0a\u65b9\u304b\u3089\u898b\u305f\u3082\u306e; 6. \u958b\u82b1\u524d\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u7e26\u65ad\u9762; 7. \u958b\u82b1\u5f8c\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u7e26\u65ad\u9762; 8. \u5b50\u623f\u90e8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6a2a\u65ad\u9762; 9. \u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u6027\u30b3\u30ed\u30ca\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\uff08\u7e01\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u6301\u3061\u4e0a\u304c\u3063\u305f\u72b6\u614b\uff09; 10. \u846f\u306e\u88c2\u958b\u524d\u304a\u3088\u3073\u88c2\u958b\u5f8c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Napoleonaeoideae comprises two genera, Napoleonaea<\/em> and Crateranthus<\/em> (Mori et al. 2017). It is characterized by the production of numerous stamens, some of which are modified into petaloid staminodes. In the photographs, the petaloid staminodes are indicated by red arrows (Figs. 1, 2). Caption of the line drawing of Crateranthus latestui<\/em> (Fig. 2) (Lecomte 1920): 1. Branch with leaves; 2. Bud; 3. Detached sepal; 4. Flower with sepals removed to show the staminodial corona (purple); 5. Same, viewed from above; 6. Longitudinal section of the flower before anthesis; 7. Longitudinal section of the flower after anthesis; 8. Transverse section of the ovary region; 9. Part of the staminodial corona (margin partly raised); 10. Stamens before and after anther dehiscence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u4e9c\u79d1\u306e\uff12\u5c5e\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5eNapoleonaea<\/em>\u3068\u30af\u30e9\u30c6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c6\u30a5\u30b9\u5c5eCrateranthus<\/em>\u306e\u5206\u5e03
Distribution of the two genera of Napoleonaeoideae, Napoleonaea<\/em> and Crateranthus<\/em>
POWO 2026: Plants of the World Online \u00a9 Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: http:\/\/www.plantsoftheworldonline.org\/ (accessed 4 May 2026). CC BY 4.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\uff12\u5c5e\u3068\u3082\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u897f\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u5357\u90e8\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\uff08POWO 2026)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both genera are distributed from West Africa to Central Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Napoleonaea beninensis<\/em>\u306e\u82b1
A flower of Napoleonaea beninensis<\/em>
Napoleonaea beninensis<\/em>: Photo by Scott Zona, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Napoleonaea_imperialis-2.jpg, CC BY 2.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5eNapoleonaea<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u3001\u6700\u3082\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3082\u3064\u82b1\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Frame and Durou 2001) \uff08\u56f35)\u3002\u672c\u5c5e\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u306f\u3001\uff15\u88c2\u3057\u305f\u6241\u5e73\u306a\u67f1\u982d\u3092\u3082\u3064\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u56f36\uff09\u3002Napoleonaea <\/em>beninensis<\/em>\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306f\u8a18\u8f09\u306e\u7121\u3044\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u540d\u53e4\u5c4b\u5e02\u6771\u5c71\u690d\u7269\u5712\u306e\u683d\u57f9\u682a\u30922026\u5e744\u670822\u65e5\u306b\u64ae\u5f71\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5fc3\u3088\u308a\u611f\u8b1d\u7533\u3057\u4e0a\u3052\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flowers of Napoleonaea<\/em> are considered to be among the most structurally complex (Frame and Durou 2001) (Fig. 5). A distinctive feature of the genus is the presence of a broad, flattened, five-lobed stigma (Fig. 6). Unless otherwise noted, photographs of Napoleonaea beninensis<\/em> were taken from a cultivated plant at Nagoya Higashiyama Botanical Garden on April 22, 2026. I sincerely thank them for their excellent cultivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Napoleonaea beninensis<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u5668\u5b98
Floral organs of Napoleonaea beninensis <\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
Napoleonaea heudelotii<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u7e26\u65ad\u9762\uff08Hooker 1848\u3067\u306fNapoleonaea imperialis<\/em>\u3068\u540c\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304c\u3001Prance and Jongkind [2015]\u3067N. heudelotii<\/em>\u306b\u8a02\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\uff09
Longitudinal section of the flower of Napoleonaea heudelotii<\/em> (identified as Napoleonaea imperialis<\/em> in Hooker 1848, but later corrected to N. heudelotii<\/em> by Prance and Jongkind [2015]).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Napoleonaea imperialis<\/em>\u3068N. <\/em>beninensis<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u8abf\u3079\u305f\u7814\u7a76\uff08Ronse de Craene 2011\uff1b\u539f\u8457\u3067N. <\/em>vogelii<\/em>\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001Prance and Jongkind 2015\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070N. <\/em>beninensis<\/em>\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b)\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u82b1\u5f62\u6210\u521d\u671f\u306b\u306f\u6570\u679a\u306e\u5c0f\u82de\u8449\uff08\u56f37\uff09\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5185\u5074\u306b\u751f\u3058\u308b\u82b1\u539f\u57fa\u304b\u3089\u3001\u307e\u305a\uff15\u679a\u306e\u843c\u7247\uff08\u56f37\uff09\u304c\u8f2a\u72b6\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6b21\u306b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5185\u5074\u306b\u82b1\u5f01\uff08\u56f38\uff09\u304c\u8f2a\u72b6\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82b1\u5668\u5b98\u306e\u539f\u57fa\u5f62\u6210\u9806\u5e8f\u306f\u591a\u69d8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5178\u578b\u7684\u306b\u306f\u843c\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u306e\u9806\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u304c\u82b1\u5f01\u306b\u5148\u884c\u3059\u308b\uff08\u843c\u7247\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96cc\u305a\u3044\uff09\u5834\u5408\u3082\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3044\uff08Gifford and Foster 1989)\u3002\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u82b1\u539f\u57fa\u4e2d\u592e\u304b\u3089\u96cc\u305a\u3044\uff08\u56f36\uff09\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3068\u96cc\u3057\u3079\u306e\u9593\u306b\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u539f\u57fa\u304c\u8f2a\u72b6\u306b\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u96c4\u305a\u3044\uff08\u56f39\uff09\u306f\u3001\u846f\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3059\u308b\uff12\u672c\u306e\u7a14\u6027\u96c4\u305a\u3044\uff08\u56f39\u306eF\uff09\u3001\u846f\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u306a\u3044\u4e0d\u7a14\u96c4\u305a\u3044\uff12\u672c\uff08\u56f39\u306eS\uff09\u3068\u304c\u4ea4\u4e92\u306b\u914d\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u901a\u5e38\u3001\u7a14\u6027\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u4e0d\u7a14\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u6241\u5e73\u306a\uff15\u89d2\u5f62\u306e\u67f1\u982d\u306e\u4e0b\u5074\u306b\u6f5c\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\uff08\u56f310\u306eN. <\/em>heudelotii<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u65ad\u9762\u56f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u67f1\u982d\u4e0b\u306b\u5165\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u846f\u3092\u8d64\u8272\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3001\u672c\u683d\u57f9\u682a\u3067\u306f\u67f1\u982d\u306e\u767a\u9054\u304c\u4e0d\u5341\u5206\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u304c\u9732\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u56f39\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5916\u5074\u306b\u5185\u5074\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u305d\u306e\u5916\u5074\u306b\u5916\u5074\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u539f\u57fa\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30af\u30e9\u30c6\u30e9\u30f3\u30c6\u30a5\u30b9\u5c5eCrateranthus<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\uff08\u56f32\uff09\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u306e\u5831\u544a\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u82b1\u5f01\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305a\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u72b6\u306e\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Lecomte 1920, Prance and Jongkind 2015)\u3002\u3053\u306e\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u72b6\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3068\u76f8\u540c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u767a\u9054\u5f8c\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u3082\u3057\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u539f\u57fa\u3088\u308a\u3082\u65e9\u671f\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u306b\u76f8\u540c\u306a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u5185\u5074\u4eee\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u80cc\u5074\u306e\u7a81\u8d77\uff08\u56f32\u3068\u56f310\u306e\u6c34\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306f\u76f8\u540c\u306a\u5668\u5b98\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7a81\u8d77\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4e21\u5c5e\u3068\u3082\u306b\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on a study of floral development in Napoleonaea imperialis<\/em> and N. <\/em>beninensis<\/em> (Ronse de Craene 2011; the material identified as N. <\/em>vogelii<\/em> in the original paper corresponds to N. <\/em>beninensis<\/em> according to Prance and Jongkind 2015), several bracteoles (Fig. 7) are first formed at an early stage of flower development. From the floral primordium arising inside these, five sepals (Fig. 7) are initiated in a whorl, followed by the whorled initiation of petals (Fig. 8).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The sequence of floral organ initiation is variable. Typically, organs arise in the order sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels, but in many cases stamens precede petals (sepals, stamens, petals, carpels). In Napoleonaea<\/em>, however, after the petal primordia begin to elongate, the carpel primordia (Fig. 6) are initiated from the center of the floral primordium before the stamen primordia. Subsequently, stamen primordia develop in a whorl between the petal and carpel primordia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The stamens (Fig. 9) are arranged as neighboring pairs of fertile stamens with developed anthers (F in Fig. 9) and sterile stamens lacking anthers (S in Fig. 9). Typically, both fertile and sterile stamens are positioned so as to lie beneath the flat, pentagonal stigma; in a sectional view of N. <\/em>heudelotii<\/em> (Fig. 10), the anthers inserted beneath the stigma are indicated in red. In the cultivated material examined here, however, the stigma is poorly developed, and the stamens are exposed (Fig. 9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Subsequently, inner staminode primordia and then outer staminode primordia arise outside the stamen primordia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No studies have reported the floral development of Crateranthus<\/em> (Fig. 2). Petals are considered to be absent, with petaloid staminodes being formed instead (Lecomte 1920; Prance and Jongkind 2015). If these structures are homologous to the petaloid staminodes of Napoleonaea<\/em>, they are likely to arise after the development of the carpel primordia, as in Napoleonaea<\/em>. Conversely, if they are initiated earlier than the carpel primordia, they may be homologous to Napoleonaea <\/em>petals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, the presence of dorsal projections (light blue arrows in Figs. 2 and 10), similar to those observed in the inner staminodes of Napoleonaea<\/em>, suggests that these structures are most likely homologous. The function of these projections remains unknown in both genera.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Napoleonaea angolensis<\/em>\u306e\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b
Pollinators of Napoleonaea angolensis<\/em>
Napoleonaea angolensis<\/em>-1: Photo by Bart Wursten, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/63897726, CC BY-NC
Napoleonaea angolensis<\/em>-2: Photo by Anne-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Paradis, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/615702496, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u304c\u8907\u96d1\u5316\u3057\u305f\u7406\u7531\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u3068\u306e\u5171\u9032\u5316\u304c\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002Napoleonaea<\/em> angolensis<\/em>\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u304c\u8abf\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u56f311\u300112\uff09\uff08Frame and Durou 2001\uff1b \u6ce8\uff1aFrame and Durou [2001]\u3067\u306fN. <\/em>vogelii<\/em>\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a18\u8ff0\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001Prance and Jongkind (2015)\u3067N. angolensis<\/em>\u306b\u8a02\u6b63\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u857e\u306e\u6bb5\u968e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u843c\u7247\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u306e\u871c\u817a\u304b\u3089\u871c\u304c\u5206\u6ccc\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff08\u56f313\u300114\u306bN<\/em>. beniensis<\/em>\u306e\u5199\u771f\u3092\u793a\u3059\uff09\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u30a2\u30ea\u985e\u304c\u63a1\u53d6\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30ea\u985e\u306e\u8a98\u5f15\u306b\u3088\u308a\u82e5\u3044\u82b1\u82bd\u3092\u98df\u5bb3\u6606\u866b\u304b\u3089\u9632\u5fa1\u3059\u308b\u52b9\u679c\u304c\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u81ea\u751f\u5730\u3067\u306f\u7d041\/3\u306e\u857e\u304c\u30a4\u30e2\u30e0\u30b7\u306b\u98df\u5bb3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u82b1\u306f19\u6642\u9803\u304b\u3089\u958b\u304f\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6642\u9593\u5e2f\u306b\u306f\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u306f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u7fcc\u671d8\u6642\u9803\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u82b1\u306f\u30c1\u30e7\u30b3\u30ec\u30fc\u30c8\u69d8\u306e\u9999\u308a\u3092\u767a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u4f34\u3063\u3066\u6606\u866b\u306e\u8a2a\u82b1\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30b6\u30df\u30a6\u30de\u985e\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u9999\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u30a2\u30eb\u30c7\u30d2\u30c9\u985e\u3084\u767d\u8272\u306b\u8a98\u5f15\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u67f1\u982d\u3068\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\uff08\u82b1\u5ba4\uff1afloral chamber\uff09\u306f\u96a0\u308c\u5834\u6240\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9069\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u82b1\u5ba4\u5185\u3067\u4f53\u306b\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u4ed8\u7740\u3055\u305b\u305f\u500b\u4f53\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u82b1\u5ba4\u5185\u306b\u30a2\u30b6\u30df\u30a6\u30de\u985e\u3092\u5b9a\u7740\u3055\u305b\u308b\u82b1\u306f\u3001Calluna<\/em>\uff08Hagerup 1950\uff09\u3084Peixotoa<\/em>\uff08Del-Claro et al. 1997)\u3067\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u307b\u3069\u8907\u96d1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30ca\u30dd\u30ec\u30aa\u30ca\u30a8\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u304c\u306a\u305c\u3053\u308c\u307b\u3069\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3082\u3064\u306e\u304b\u306f\u3001\u5341\u5206\u306b\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u81ea\u751f\u5730\u3067\u306f\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u305f26\u500b\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u5b50\u623f\u304c\u81a8\u3089\u3093\u3060\u3082\u306e\u306f\uff11\u500b\u306e\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7d50\u5b9f\u7387\u306f\u4f4e\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3082\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u904e\u53bb\u306b\u306f\u30a2\u30b6\u30df\u30a6\u30de\u985e\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u9069\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Frame and Durou 2001)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The remarkable complexity of flowers in Napoleonaea<\/em> is thought to reflect coevolution with pollinating insects. Insect visitors have been studied in N. angolensis<\/em> (Figs. 11, 12) (Frame and Durou 2001; note: the material treated as N. <\/em>vogelii<\/em> in Frame and Durou [2001] was reassigned to N. angolensis<\/em> by Prance and Jongkind [2015]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the bud stage, nectar is secreted from nectaries at the adaxial distal positions of the sepals (photographs of N. <\/em>beninensis<\/em> are shown in Figs. 13, 14), and ants are attracted to collect it. Attraction of ants is expected to provide some protection of young floral buds against herbivores; however, in natural populations about one-third of the buds are damaged by caterpillars, and the effectiveness of ant attraction remains unclear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flowers open around 7 p.m., but no insect visitors have been observed at that time. Around 8 a.m. the following morning, the flowers begin to emit a chocolate-like scent, and insect visitation increases. Thrips are attracted to aldehydes in the floral scent and to the white color; the space between the stigma and stamens (the floral chamber) provides a suitable refuge; and individuals bearing pollen have been observed within this chamber. These observations suggest that thrips are likely pollinators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, although flowers that harbor thrips within a floral chamber are known in Calluna<\/em> (Hagerup 1950) and Peixotoa<\/em> (Del-Claro et al. 1997), they are far less complex than those of Napoleonaea <\/em>(Frame and Durou 2001). The reason for the extreme complexity of Napoleonaea<\/em> flowers remains unclear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In natural populations, only one out of 26 observed flowers showed ovary enlargement, indicating a low fruit set. Taken together, these observations raise the possibility that Napoleonaea<\/em> may have originally been adapted to pollinators other than thrips (Frame and Durou 2001).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u732e References<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 181<\/em>, 1\u201320.

Del-Claro, K., Marullo, R., and Mound, L.A. (1997). A new Brazilian species of Heterothrips<\/em> (Insecta: Thysanoptera) co-existing with ants in the flowers of Peixotoa tomentosa<\/em> (Malphigiaceae). J. Nat. Hist. 31<\/em>, 1307\u20131312.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Frame, D., and Durou, S. (2001). Morphology and biology of Napoleonaea <\/em>vogelii<\/em> (Lecythidaceae) flowers in relation to the natural history of insect visitors. Biotropica 33<\/em>, 458\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1744-7429.2001.TB00199.X;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gifford, E.M., and Foster, A.S. (1989). Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants 3rd ed. (W. H. Freeman and Company).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hagerup, O. (1950). Thrips pollination in Calluna<\/em>. Danske Biol. Meddel. 18<\/em>, 1\u201316.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hooker, W.J. (1848). Curtis\u2019s Botanical Magazine 74<\/em>: Tab. 4387<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Huang, Y.Y., Mori, S.A., and Kelly, L.M. (2015). Toward a phylogenetic-based generic classification of neotropical Lecythidaceae – I. Status of Bertholletia<\/em>, Corythophora<\/em>, Eschweilera<\/em> and Lecythis<\/em>. Phytotaxa 203<\/em>, 85-121\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/PHYTOTAXA.203.2.1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14. http:\/\/www.mobot.org\/MOBOT\/research\/APweb\/.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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