{"id":1472,"date":"2026-02-09T18:50:00","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T09:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1472"},"modified":"2026-02-10T15:41:31","modified_gmt":"2026-02-10T06:41:31","slug":"%e3%82%b5%e3%83%9c%e3%83%86%e3%83%b3%e3%81%ab%e5%af%84%e7%94%9f%e3%81%99%e3%82%8b%e3%83%9e%e3%83%84%e3%82%b0%e3%83%9f%e7%a7%91%e3%83%93%e3%83%a3%e3%82%af%e3%83%80%e3%83%b3%e7%9b%ae%e3%81%ae%e7%a8%ae-a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1472","title":{"rendered":"\u30b5\u30dc\u30c6\u30f3\u306b\u5bc4\u751f\u3059\u308b\u30de\u30c4\u30b0\u30df\u79d1\u30d3\u30e3\u30af\u30c0\u30f3\u76ee\u306e\u7a2e A species of Loranthaceae (order Santalales) parasitic on cacti (family Cactaceae)."},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Tristerix<\/a>
Tristerix corymbosus<\/em>: Photo by shmulia, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/492796211, CC BY-NC
Tristerix penduliflorus<\/em>: Photo by J.R. Kuethe, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/341912303, CC BY-NC
Tristerix longibracteatus<\/em>: Photo by Joey Santore, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/613341336, CC BY-NC
Tristerix verticillatus<\/em>: Photo by Thibaud Aronson, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/354120186, CC BY-SA
Tristerix secundus<\/em>: Photo by sussandro, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/124997156, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tristerix<\/em>\u5c5e\u306f13\u7a2e\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30bc\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u3001\u30c1\u30ea\u3001\u30dc\u30ea\u30d3\u30a2\u3001\u30da\u30eb\u30fc\u3001\u30a8\u30af\u30a2\u30c9\u30eb\u3001\u30b3\u30ed\u30f3\u30d3\u30a2\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3059\u308b\uff08POWO)\u3002\u9bae\u3084\u304b\u306a\u8d64\u8272\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u672b\u7aef\u306b\uff11\u500b\u306e\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\uff08monad\uff09\u3001\u5b50\u8449\u304c\u7a2e\u5b50\u304b\u3089\u5916\u306b\u51fa\u305a\u3001\u7a2e\u5b50\u5185\u3067\u80da\u4e73\u304b\u3089\u6804\u990a\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u306a\u3069\u306e\u7279\u5fb4\u3092\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Kuijt and Hansen, 2014)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tristerix<\/em> comprises 13 species and is native to Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia (POWO). It shares several characteristic features, including the formation of conspicuous bright red petals, the presence of a single terminal flower in the inflorescence (monad), and cotyledons that do not emerge from the seed but instead obtain nutrients from the endosperm within the seed (Kuijt and Hansen, 2014).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tristerix<\/a>
Tristerix corymbosus<\/em>: Photo by secanosinsequia, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/597212575, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tristerix<\/em>\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u5bc4\u751f\u6027\u3067\u3001\u6839\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u305b\u305a\u3001\u5438\u5668 (haustorium) \u3092\u5bc4\u4e3b\u306e\u4f53\u5185\u3078\u4f38\u9577\u3055\u305b\u3001\u5bc4\u4e3b\u304b\u3089\u6c34\u5206\u3084\u6804\u990a\u5206\u3092\u5438\u53ce\u3059\u308b\uff08Kuijt 1988)\u3002\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u7c98\u7740\u8cea\u306e\u7269\u8cea\u3067\u8986\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u9ce5\u306e\u7cde\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6392\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u6a39\u76ae\u306b\u63a5\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7a2e\u5b50\u5185\u306b\u306f\u80da\u4e73\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u7652\u5408\u3057\u305f\u5b50\u8449\u306f\u7a2e\u5b50\u304b\u3089\u5916\u306b\u51fa\u305a\u3001\u7a2e\u5b50\u5185\u3067\u80da\u4e73\u304b\u3089\u6804\u990a\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3002\u767a\u82bd\u306b\u969b\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7a2e\u5b50\u304b\u3089\u5438\u5668\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5438\u5668\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u306f\u5438\u5668\u76e4 (haustorium disk) \u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5bc4\u4e3b\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u5bc6\u7740\u3057\u3001\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u3066\u5185\u90e8\u3078\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5438\u5668\u306f\u80da\u8ef8\u304c\u5909\u5f62\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\uff08Bhatnagar and Johri 1983)\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3001\u80cc\u8ef8\u3068\u6839\u306e\u30e2\u30b6\u30a4\u30af\uff08Teixeira-Costa 2021)\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Species of Tristerix<\/em> are parasitic and do not form roots. Instead, they develop a haustorium that grows into the host tissues, from which they absorb water and nutrients (Kuijt 1988). The seeds are covered with a sticky substance, and after being excreted in bird droppings, they adhere to the bark of the host. The seed contains endosperm, and the fused cotyledons do not emerge from the seed but obtain nutrients from the endosperm within the seed. During germination, a haustorium elongates from the seed. The tip of the haustorium forms a haustorial disc, which either closely adheres to the host tissue or penetrates it by breaking down the tissue and then extends internally. The haustorium is hypothesized to be a modified hypocotyl (Bhatnagar and Johri 1983) or root-shoot mosaic (Teixeira-Costa 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tristerix<\/a>
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-1: Photo by tomas1309, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/488472787, CC BY-NC
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-2: Photo by Jorge Herreros de Lartundo, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/346919105, CC BY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tristerix <\/em>aphyllus<\/em>\u306f\u30c1\u30ea\u4e2d\u90e8\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3057\uff08Amico et al. 2007)\u3001\u59c9\u59b9\u7a2e\u3067\u3042\u308bT<\/em>. corymbosus<\/em>\uff08Amico et al. 2007)\u3092\u542b\u3080\u4ed6\u306eTristerix<\/em>\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u3068\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002T<\/em>. aphyllus<\/em>\u3092\u9664\u304fTristerix<\/em>\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u3001\u5149\u5408\u6210\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u8449\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u305f\u30b7\u30e5\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u534a\u5bc4\u751f\u690d\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001T. aphyllus<\/em>\u306f\u6804\u990a\u30b7\u30e5\u30fc\u30c8\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u305b\u305a\u8449\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5168\u5bc4\u751f\u690d\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T. aphyllus<\/em>\u306f\u30b5\u30dc\u30c6\u30f3\u79d1\u690d\u7269\u306b\u5bc4\u751f\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u5bc4\u751f\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308a\uff08Ossa et al. 2021)\u3001\u5bc4\u4e3b\u3068\u3057\u3066Leucostele<\/em> (ex Trichocereus <\/em>or Echinopsis<\/em>)\u304a\u3088\u3073Eulychnia<\/em>\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Mauseth 1990, Amico et al. 2007)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u534a\u5bc4\u751f\u690d\u7269\u306f\u3001\u70ad\u6c34\u5316\u7269\u3092\u5149\u5408\u6210\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u3089\u751f\u7523\u3057\u3001\u5438\u5668\u3092\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u5c0e\u7ba1\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u6c34\u5206\u3068\u7121\u6a5f\u5869\u985e\u3092\u5f97\u308b\uff08Teixeira-Costa 2021)\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u5168\u5bc4\u751f\u306eT. <\/em>aphyllus<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5438\u5668\u304c\u5c0e\u7ba1\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u7be9\u7ba1\u306b\u3082\u63a5\u7d9a\u3057\u3001\u5bbf\u4e3b\u7be9\u7ba1\u7d30\u80de\u304b\u3089\u70ad\u6c34\u5316\u7269\u3001\u30a2\u30df\u30ce\u9178\u3001\u8102\u80aa\u9178\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u3092\u5f97\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Mauseth et al. 1985)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tristerix aphyllus <\/em>occurs in central Chile (Amico et al. 2007) and exhibits a morphology distinct from other species of Tristerix<\/em>, including its sister species Tristerix <\/em>corymbosus<\/em> <\/em>(Amico et al. 2007). Whereas Tristerix<\/em> species other than T. aphyllus<\/em> are hemiparasites that produce shoots bearing photosynthetic leaves, T. aphyllus<\/em> is a holoparasite that forms no vegetative shoots and bears no leaves.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is the only angiosperm parasitic plant known to parasitize members of the Cactaceae (Ossa et al. 2021). Leucostele<\/em> (ex Trichocereus <\/em>or Echinopsis<\/em>) and Eulychnia<\/em> are known as hosts (Mauseth 1990; Amico et al. 2007). In general, hemiparasitic plants produce carbohydrates via photosynthesis and obtain water and inorganic nutrients by connecting their haustoria to the host xylem (Teixeira-Costa 2021). In contrast, in the holoparasite T. aphyllus<\/em>, the haustorium connects not only to the xylem but also to the phloem, and it is thought to obtain organic compounds such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and fatty acids from host phloem cells (Mauseth et al. 1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tristerix<\/a>
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-3: Photo by Diego Almendras G., https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/335623362, CC BY-NC
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-4: Photo by Fernando Useros L\u00f3pez, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/172223499, CC BY-NC
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-5: Photo by Lorenzo Vega, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/113712543, CC BY-NC
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-6: Photo by Benito Rosende, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/28013312, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5438\u5668\u306f\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u67d4\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u3001\u82b1\u671f\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5bbf\u4e3b\u8868\u9762\u304b\u3089\u82b1\u5e8f\u3092\u4f38\u9577\u3057\uff08\u5de6\u4e0a\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3001\u5206\u5c90\u3057\uff08\u5de6\u4e0b\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3001\u958b\u82b1\u3057\uff08\u53f3\u4e0a\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3001\u7d50\u5b9f\u3059\u308b\uff08\u53f3\u4e0b\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3002\u4ed6\u306eTristerix<\/em>\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u30cf\u30c1\u30c9\u30ea\u5a92\u82b1\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08Amico et al. 2007)\u3002\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u9ce5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6563\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff08Amico et al. 2007; Ossa et al. 2021)\u3002\u7a2e\u5b50\u767a\u82bd\u306b\u306f\u679c\u76ae (epicarp) \u304c\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u304c\u3001\u9ce5\u306b\u6442\u98df\u3055\u308c\u6d88\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u306f\u306a\u3044\uff08Mauseth 1985)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The haustorium spreads within the host\u2019s parenchymatous tissues. During the flowering season, the inflorescence emerges from the host surface (upper left photo), branches (lower left), flowers (upper right), and sets fruit (lower right). As in other species of Tristerix<\/em>, it is pollinated by hummingbirds (Amico et al. 2007). Seeds are dispersed by birds (Amico et al. 2007; Ossa et al. 2021). For germination, removal of epicarp is required, but ingestion and digestion by birds are not necessary (Mauseth 1985).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Tristerix<\/a>
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-7: Photo by kavm01, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/538791181, CC BY-NC
Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>-8: Photo by Francisco Riquelme Tapia, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/419928062, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u3082\u4ed6\u306eTristerix<\/em>\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u5b50\u8449\u304c\u7a2e\u5b50\u306e\u5916\u306b\u51fa\u305a\u3001\u7a2e\u5b50\u5185\u3067\u80da\u4e73\u304b\u3089\u6804\u990a\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u3002\u767a\u82bd\u6642\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5148\u7aef\u306b\u5438\u5668\u76e4\u3092\u3082\u3064\u5438\u5668\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001T. aphyllus<\/em>\u306f\u539a\u3044\u30af\u30c1\u30af\u30e9\u5c64\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30b5\u30dc\u30c6\u30f3\u306b\u5bc4\u751f\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u5438\u5668\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306b\u4fb5\u5165\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Seeds of Tristerix aphyllus<\/em>, like those of other species of Tristerix<\/em>, have cotyledons that do not emerge from the seed but instead obtain nutrients from the endosperm within the seed. At germination, a haustorium bearing a haustorial disc at its tip elongates. However, because T. aphyllus<\/em> parasitizes cacti with a thick cuticular layer, it invades host tissues using a specialized mode of haustorial penetration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u67f1\u72b6\u30b5\u30dc\u30c6\u30f3\u306e\u30af\u30c1\u30af\u30e9\uff08\u56f3\u306e\u30aa\u30ec\u30f3\u30b8\u8272\u306e\u7dda\uff09\u306f\u539a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u6c17\u5b54\u306e\u3042\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u7aaa\u307f\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u7aaa\u307f\u306e\u4e0b\u65b9\u306b\u6c17\u5b54\u304c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5438\u5668\u306e\u8868\u9762\u306b\u306f\u6570\u7d30\u80de\u5217\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u591a\u5217\u7d30\u80de\u6bdb\u304c\u5bc6\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5438\u5668\u304c\u6c17\u5b54\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u591a\u5217\u7d30\u80de\u6bdb\u304c\u6c17\u5b54\u3078\u3068\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3001\u5b54\u8fba\u7d30\u80de\u306e\u958b\u53e3\u90e8\u3092\u901a\u904e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u6c17\u5b54\u4e0b\u8154\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u7d30\u80de\u58c1\u304c\u539a\u304f\u786c\u3044\u8868\u76ae\u4e0b\u5c64\u3092\u8cab\u901a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u3001\u67f5\u72b6\u76ae\u5c64\u3078\u3068\u5230\u9054\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u67d4\u7d44\u7e54\u3001\u7be9\u7ba1\u3001\u5c0e\u7ba1\u3078\u3068\u5e83\u304c\u308b\uff08Mauseth 1985)\u3002\u591a\u5217\u7d30\u80de\u6bdb\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6c17\u5b54\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u3001\u6c17\u5b54\u5185\u90e8\u3078\u4fb5\u5165\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eba\u5de5\u7684\u306bLeucostele chiloensis<\/em> (ex Echinopsis chilensis<\/em>)\u306b\u64ad\u7a2e\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u300117\u30f6\u6708\u5f8c\u306b\u82b1\u5e8f\u304c\u51fa\u73fe\u3057\u305f\u3068\u306e\u5831\u544a\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08Botto-Mahan 2000)\u3002\u5bc4\u751f\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306f\u3001\u6804\u990a\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u596a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u751f\u80b2\u304c\u6291\u5236\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff08Silva and Mart\u00ednez de Rio 1996)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cuticle of the host columnar cactus (shown as the orange line in the figure) is thick; however, regions bearing stomata form depressions, and the stomata are located beneath these depressions. The surface of the haustorium is densely covered with multiseriate trichomes composed of several cell rows. When the haustorium is positioned over a stoma, these multiseriate trichomes elongate toward the stoma and pass through the opening between the guard cells. Because a substomatal cavity is present, the trichomes can reach the palisade cortex without penetrating the thick-walled, rigid hypodermal layer, and subsequently spread into the cortex palisade, cortex, phloem, and xylem (Mauseth 1985). How the multiseriate trichomes recognize the position of stomata and enter the stomatal cavity remains unknown.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When seeds were artificially sown onto Leucostele chiloensis (ex Echinopsis chilensis<\/em>), inflorescences were reported to emerge 17 months after infection (Botto-Mahan 2000). Parasitized hosts exhibit reduced growth due to the loss of nutrients (Silva and Mart\u00ednez de Rio 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u732e\u3000References<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Amico, G.C., Vidal-Russell, R., and Nickrent, D.L. 2007. Phylogenetic relationships and ecological speciation in the mistletoe Tristerix<\/em> (Loranthaceae): The influence of pollinators, dispersers, and hosts. Amer. J. Bot. <\/em>94: 558\u2013567.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bhatnagas, R.P. and Johri, B.M. 1983. Embryology of Loranthaceae. In M. Calder and P. Bernhardt eds., The biology of Mistletoes. Academic Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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