{"id":1212,"date":"2023-10-11T18:52:45","date_gmt":"2023-10-11T09:52:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1212"},"modified":"2023-10-11T18:52:45","modified_gmt":"2023-10-11T09:52:45","slug":"%e3%82%a8%e3%83%aa%e3%82%ab%e5%b1%9e-erica%ef%bc%9a%e9%87%8d%e8%a4%87%e8%91%89%e3%80%81%e7%94%9f%e7%89%a9%e5%9c%b0%e7%90%86%e3%80%81%e3%83%9d%e3%83%aa%e3%83%8d%e3%83%bc%e3%82%b7%e3%83%a7%e3%83%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1212","title":{"rendered":"\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e Erica\uff1a\u91cd\u8907\u8449\u3001\u751f\u7269\u5730\u7406\u3001\u30dd\u30ea\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30c9\u30ed\u30fc\u30e0 ericoid leaves, biogeography, and pollination syndrome"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Ericeae<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u540c\u50da\u306e\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u306e\u96a3\u306e\u30db\u30c6\u30eb\u306e\u524d\u3067\u54b2\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u30b7\u30bd\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u305f\u88f8\u5b50\u690d\u7269\uff08A)\u306f\u306a\u3093\u3067\u3059\u304b\u300d\u3068\u805e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3063\u305d\u304f\u898b\u306b\u884c\u304f\u3068\u3001\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab \u30b3\u30ed\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9Erica <\/em>colorans<\/em>\u306e\u30db\u30ef\u30a4\u30c8\u30c7\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u201cWhite Delight\u201d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u54c1\u7a2e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab \u30b3\u30ed\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30bd\u79d1\u3084\u88f8\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u3068\u306f\u7e01\u9060\u304f\u3001\u30c4\u30c4\u30b8\u79d1\u30c4\u30c4\u30b8\u4e9c\u79d1\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\uff08B: Gillespie and Kron 2010)\u3002\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u7c89\u304c\u7c98\u3063\u3066\u7cf8\u3092\u5f15\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u3044\u5f62\u8cea\u304c\u5171\u901a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff08Stevens 2001 onwards on 10 Oct. 2023)\u3001\u30ab\u30eb\u30fc\u30ca\u5c5e Calluna<\/em>\uff08C\u3001D\uff09\u3001\u30c0\u30dc\u30a8\u30ad\u30a2\u5c5e Daboecia<\/em>\u3001\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e Erica <\/em>\uff08A)\u306e\uff13\u5c5e\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\uff08Stevens et al. 2004)\u3002\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30d2\u30fc\u30b9 heath\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u69cb\u6210\u6a39\u7a2e\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08D\uff1a\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u3001Yorkshire Dales\u56fd\u7acb\u516c\u5712\u306e\u30de\u30e9\u30e0\u30fb\u30b3\u30fc\u30f4 Malham Cove\u306b\u7fa4\u751f\u3059\u308bCalluna vulgaris<\/em>)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I was asked by a colleague about a gymnosperm. with flowers resembling those of the mint family (Lamiaceae) (A) , which was blooming in front of the hotel next to our research institute. I went to see it immediately and found out it was Erica<\/em> colorans<\/em> “White Delight.” Erica<\/em> colorans<\/em> is distant from the Lamiaceae or gymnosperms, and it belongs to the tribe Ericeae, the subfamily Ericoideae of the heath family Ericaceae (B: Gillespie and Kron 2010). Species within Ericeae share a common characteristic of not producing sticky and thread-drawing pollen (Stevens 2001 onwards on 10 Oct. 2023). This subfamily comprises three genera: Calluna<\/em> (C, D), Daboecia<\/em>, and Erica<\/em> (A) (Stevens et al. 2004). Species within Ericeae are the main components of heath ecosystems in countries like the UK (D: Calluna vulgaris<\/em> forming extensive colonies at Malham Cove in the Yorkshire Dales National Park in the UK).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ericeae<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u306e\uff13\u5c5e\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u306e\u6570\u751f\u3001\u82b1\u51a0\u304c\u5bbf\u5728\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u8449\u5e8f\u3001\u8449\u306e\u57fa\u90e8\u304c\u830e\u306b\u6cbf\u7740\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\uff08A\u306eCalluna vulgaris<\/em>\u306e\u8449\u306e\u57fa\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u9ec4\u8272\u77e2\u5370\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u6cbf\u7740\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001B\u306eErica cristata<\/em>\u306f\u8449\u67c4[\u767d\u8272\u77e2\u5370]\u304c\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u8449\u8eab\u57fa\u90e8\u306f\u6cbf\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\uff09\u3001\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u8449\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3067\u5206\u985e\u3067\u304d\u308b\uff08Stevens et al. 2004)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The three genera of Ericeae can be classified by the number of flowers, whether the corolla is scarious and persistent, the phyllotaxy, whether the leaves are petiolate or tailed (A, Calluna vulgaris<\/em>: the sessile leaves are tailed along the stem at the yellow arrowhead; B, Erica cristata<\/em>: the petiole [white arrow] is prominent and the leaf base is not tailed), and whether they form ericoid leaves (Stevens et al. 2004).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Erica<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u306e\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e\u3084\u30ab\u30eb\u30fc\u30ca\u5c5e\u3001\u30ac\u30f3\u30b3\u30a6\u30e9\u30f3\u9023\u3001\u30c4\u30ac\u30b6\u30af\u30e9\u9023\u306e\u8449\u306f\u88cf\u306b\u4f38\u3073\u3001\u4f38\u3073\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u66f2\u304c\u3063\u3066\u88cf\u5074\u8868\u9762\u3092\u88ab\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u5f37\u98a8\u306e\u5439\u304f\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u8449\u306e\u88cf\u5074\u8868\u9762\u306b\u3042\u308b\u6c17\u5b54\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u6e7f\u5ea6\u3092\u4e0a\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u70b9\u3067\u9069\u5fdc\u7684\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Bocher 1981)\u3002\u4e00\u4ef6\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8449\u306e\u8fba\u7e01\u304c\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u66f2\u304c\u3063\u3066\u4f38\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u3060\u304c\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8449\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u65b0\u898f\u306b\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u8449\u306e\u88cf\u5074\u304b\u3089\u3042\u3089\u305f\u306b\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306e\u8449\u7e01\u3068\u8abf\u548c\u7684\u306b\u6210\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306e\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u52a0\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3067\u304d\u308b\u8449\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001\u91cd\u8907\u8449\u8eabduplicate leaf blade\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002Hagerup (1946)\u306e\u30a8\u30be\u30ce\u30c4\u30ac\u30b6\u30af\u30e9\u306e\u8449\u306e\u65ad\u9762\u56f3\u3067\u3001\u80cc\u5074\u306e\u9ed2\u70b9\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7d30\u80de\u304c\u65b0\u305f\u306b\u5206\u88c2\u3092\u958b\u59cb\u3059\u308b\u7d30\u80de\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Species in Erica\u3001Empetrum <\/em>and Phyllodoce <\/em>form leaves with enation. Protruded parts curved to the abaxial side to cover abaxial surface. These species are distributed in the area with strong wind and the morphology is beneficial to survive in the environment to keep moisture to the abaxial surface with stomata (Bocher 1981). Meristematic activity is changed from original leaf margins to abaxial regions shown in dots (Hagerup 1946).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Ericeae<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e Erica<\/em>\u306f\u3001\u7d04865\u7a2e\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5317\u6b27\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u71b1\u5e2f\u5730\u65b9\u306e\u9ad8\u5c71\u3092\u7d4c\u3066\u3001\u30de\u30c0\u30ac\u30b9\u30ab\u30eb\u3001\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u307e\u3067\u3001\u5357\u5317\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\uff08McGuire and Kron 2005)\u3002\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u7d04760\u7a2e\u306b\u9069\u5fdc\u653e\u6563\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5206\u5e03\u56f3\uff08A)\u306f\u3001McGuire and Kron (2005)\u3092\u6539\u56f3\u3057\u3001\u7a2e\u6570\u306e\u591a\u3044\u5206\u5e03\u57df\u306b\u6570\u5b57\u3067\u7a2e\u6570\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\uff08B\uff09\u306f\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u5730\u65b9\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3059\u308bErica <\/em>tetralix<\/em>\u3001\uff08C\uff09\u306f\u30de\u30c0\u30ac\u30b9\u30ab\u30eb\u306eMarojeji\u5c71\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3057\u98a8\u5a92\u82b1\u306e\u7a2e\u3001\uff08D\uff09\u306f\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3059\u308bErica <\/em>verticellata<\/em>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The genus Erica<\/em> consists of ca. 865 species and has a north-south distribution from northern Europe, through the high mountains of tropical Africa, to Madagascar and South Africa (McGuire and Kron 2005). In South Africa, Erica<\/em> has adapted and dispersed to about 760 species. Distribution map (A) is modified from McGuire and Kron (2005), with the number of species indicated by numbers in the distribution areas with the relatively higher number of species. (B) is Erica <\/em>tetralix<\/em>, native to Yorkshire, England; (C) is a wind-pollinated species native to Mount Marojeji, Madagascar; (D) is Erica <\/em>verticellata<\/em>, native to South Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Phylogeny<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u8449\u7dd1\u4f53DNA\u3084\u6838\u306erDNA\u306e\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u9593\u9818\u57df\u306e\u5869\u57fa\u914d\u5217\u6bd4\u8f03\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u9023\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u30c7\u30dc\u30a8\u30ad\u30a2\u5c5e\u304c\u6700\u521d\u306b\u5206\u5c90\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u30ab\u30eb\u30fc\u30ca\u5c5e\u3068\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e\u304c\u5206\u5c90\u3057\u305f\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08McGuire and Kron 2005, Pirie et al. 2011)\u3002\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u304c\u57fa\u90e8\u3067\u5074\u7cfb\u7d71\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3068\u30de\u30c0\u30ac\u30b9\u30ab\u30eb\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u985e\u306f\u7cfb\u7d71\u6a39\u306e\u672b\u7aef\u3067\u5358\u7cfb\u7d71\u7fa4\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e\u306e\u5171\u901a\u7956\u5148\u306f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306b\u8d77\u6e90\u3057\u305f\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08McGuire and Kron 2005, Pirie et al. 2011)\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u897f\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e5600\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\u306e\u5730\u5c64\u304b\u3089\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u7c89\u304c\u7523\u51fa\u3059\u308b\uff08Hofmann 2018)\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u5927\u9678\u79fb\u52d5\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u30c1\u30fc\u30b7\u30b9\u6d77\u304c\u9589\u3058\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u3068\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306b\u9678\u6a4b\u306e\u3067\u304d\u305f\u65b0\u751f\u4ee3\u4e2d\u65b0\u4e16\u4e2d\u671f\uff08\u7d041700\u4e07\u5e74\u524d\uff09\uff08Levyns 1964)\u306b\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u304b\u3089\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3078\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u5e83\u3052\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08McGuire and Kron 2005)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based on sequence comparisons of chloroplast genes and intergenic regions of nuclear rDNA, it has been inferred that the genus Deboecia<\/em> was the first to diverge within the tribe Ericeae, followed by Caruna<\/em> and Erica<\/em> (McGuire and Kron 2005, Pirie et al. 2011). Within the genus Erica<\/em>, the common ancestor of Erica<\/em> is presumed to have originated in Europe, as the species distributed in Europe are lateral at the base, while the species distributed in Africa and Madagascar form a monophyletic group at the terminal of the phylogenetic tree (McGuire and Kron 2005, Pirie et al. 2011). In addition, fossil pollen of Erica<\/em> was found from 56 Ma (million years ago) -old strata in Western Europe (Hofmann 2018), suggesting that the genus have spread from Europe to Africa during the middle Cenozoic Miocene (about 17 Ma) (McGuire and Kron 2005), when continental drift closed the Tyasis Sea and created a land bridge between Europe and Africa (Levyns 1964).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Erica<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u91e3\u308a\u9418\u578b\u306e\u82b1\uff08A)\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u866b\u5a92\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff08McGuire and Kron 2005)\u3001\u30a2\u30b6\u30df\u30a6\u30de\u304c\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u5a92\u4ecb\u6606\u866b\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Hagerup and Hagerup 1953)\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3067\u306f\u82b1\u5f62\u614b\u304c\u591a\u69d8\u5316\u3057\u3001\u9577\u3044\u7b52\u72b6\u304b\u3089\u77ed\u3044\u58fa\u578b\u307e\u3067\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u5f62\u614b\u306e\u82b1\u3092\u6301\u3064\u7a2e\u304c\u9032\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u7c89\u9001\u7c89\u52d5\u7269\u3068\u306e\u5171\u9032\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u3044\u3002\u6606\u866b\u5a92\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3082\u3001\u58fa\u5f62\uff08B)\u3084\u7403\u5f62\uff08C)\u3067\u30a2\u30b6\u30df\u30a6\u30de\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u82b1\u7c89\u5a92\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a2e\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3001\u82b1\u51a0\u304c\u7b52\u72b6\u306b\u4f38\u3073\u3066\uff08D\u3001E)\u82b1\u51a0\u3088\u308a\u3084\u3084\u9577\u3044\u53e3\u543b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30cf\u30a8\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5a92\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a2e\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u304c\u82b1\u51a0\u5148\u7aef\u304b\u3089\u7a81\u51fa\u3057\uff08F\u3001G)\u30cf\u30c1\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5a92\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a2e\u306a\u3069\u304c\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff08Rebelo et al. 1985, Oliver 1991, Pirie et al. 2011)\u3002\uff08A) \u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u30e8\u30fc\u30af\u30b7\u30e3\u30fc\u5730\u65b9\u3067\u64ae\u5f71\u3057\u305fErica<\/em> <\/em>tetralix<\/em>\u3001<\/em>\uff08B) Erica <\/em>articularis<\/em>\u3001\uff08C) Erica pulchella<\/em>\u3001\uff08D) Erica cristata<\/em>\u3001\uff08E) Erica cristata<\/em>\u3001\uff08F) Erica <\/em>ericoides<\/em>\u3001\uff08G) Erica <\/em>equisetifolia<\/em>\u3002(B\uff09\u304b\u3089(G)\u306f\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306eFernkloof Nature Reserve\u306b\u3066\u64ae\u5f71\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

European species form bell-shaped flowers (A) and are likely pollinated by insects (McGuire and Kron 2005), with thrips presumed to be the primary vector (Hagerup and Hagerup 1953). On the other hand, floral morphology has diversified in South Africa, with species having evolved a variety of flower morphologies ranging from long tubular to short vase-shaped. This morphological diversity should have coevolved with pollinators: flowers with urn-shaped (B) or spherical (C) corollas are pollinated by thrips; tubular corollas (D, E) are by flies with slightly longer proboscises than corollas; flowers with protruding stamens are by by bees(F\u3001G) (Rebelo et al. 1985, Oliver 1991, Pirie et al. 2011). (A) Erica tetralix <\/em>native to Yorkshire, England, (B) Erica articularis<\/em>, (C) Erica pulchella<\/em>, (D) Erica cristata<\/em>, (E) Erica cristata<\/em>, (F) Erica ericoides<\/em>, (G) Erica equisetifolia<\/em>. (B) to (G) were taken at Fernkloof Nature Reserve, South Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Erica<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u6606\u866b\u5a92\u82b1\u3088\u308a\u3082\u82b1\u51a0\u304c\u4f38\u3073\u3001\u9811\u4e08\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u9ce5\u5a92\u82b1\u306e\u7a2e\u3082\u591a\u304f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u56f3\uff11A\u306eErica colorans<\/em>\u3084\u56f32D\u306eErica <\/em>verticillata<\/em>\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3001 Erica <\/em>patersonia<\/em> <\/em>\uff08A)\u3001Erica <\/em>viscaria<\/em> <\/em>subsp. longifolia <\/em>\uff08B)\u3001Erica <\/em>perspicua<\/em> <\/em>\uff08C)\u3001Erica sessiliflora <\/em>\uff08D)\u3001Erica <\/em>cruenta<\/em> <\/em>\uff08E)\u3001Erica <\/em>plukenetii<\/em> subsp. <\/em>penicellata<\/em> <\/em>\uff08F)\u3001Erica <\/em>cerinthoides<\/em> <\/em>\uff08G)\u306a\u3069\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u7d0470\u7a2e\u304c\u9ce5\u5a92\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Rebelo et al. 1985)\u3002\u30ba\u30ba\u30e1\u76ee\u30bf\u30a4\u30e8\u30a6\u30c1\u30e7\u30a6\u79d1\u306e\u30aa\u30ca\u30ac\u30b4\u30b7\u30ad\u30bf\u30a4\u30e8\u30a6\u30c1\u30e7\u30a6Nectarinia violacea\u304c\u4e3b\u305f\u308b\u5a92\u4ecb\u9ce5\u3060\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Rebelo et al. 1985, Oliver 1991)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There are also a number of bird pollinated species with more elongated and robust corollas than insect pollinated species. In addition to Erica colorans<\/em> (Figure 1A) and Erica verticillata<\/em> (Figure 2D), Erica patersonia<\/em> (A), Erica viscaria<\/em> subsp. longifolia<\/em> (B), Erica perspicua<\/em> (C), Erica sessiliflora<\/em> (D), Erica cruenta<\/em> (E), Erica plukenetii<\/em> subsp. penicellata<\/em> (F), Erica cerinthoides<\/em> (G), and at least about 70 other species are considered to be bird pollinated (Rebelo et al. 1985). The sunbird Nectarinia violacea<\/em> is thought to be the primary pollinator (Rebelo et al. 1985, Oliver 1991).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u30a8\u30ea\u30ab\u3000Erica\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u7d0420\u7a2e\u306f\u3001\u98a8\u5a92\u82b1\u3078\u3068\u9032\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08A\u30fcE\uff09\u3002\u6606\u866b\u5a92\u82b1\u3084\u9ce5\u5a92\u82b1\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u304c\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3057\u3001\u67f1\u982d\u304c\u80a5\u5927\u3057\u7a81\u51fa\u3059\u308b\uff08B-D)\u3002 (A-D) Erica <\/em>axillaris<\/em>\u3001<\/em>\uff08E\uff09Erica <\/em>muscosa<\/em>\u306fFernkloof Nature Reserve\u3067\u64ae\u5f71\u3002\u82b1\u5f62\u614b\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u7c89\u5a92\u4ecb\u52d5\u7269\u3054\u3068\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u4f3c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5f62\u306b\u53ce\u6582\u9032\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30dd\u30ea\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30c9\u30ed\u30fc\u30e0 pollination syndrome\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u3067\u306f\u30a2\u30b6\u30df\u30a6\u30de\u5a92\u82b1\u3001\u9577\u3044\u53e3\u543b\u306e\u30cf\u30a8\u5a92\u82b1\u3001\u30cf\u30c1\u5a92\u82b1\u3001\u9ce5\u5a92\u82b1\u306b\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u3001\u98a8\u5a92\u82b1\u304c\u3001\u4f55\u56de\u3082\u5e73\u884c\u7684\u306b\u9032\u5316\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff08Pirie et al. 2011)\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u5f62\u6210\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30dd\u30ea\u30cd\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30b7\u30f3\u30c9\u30ed\u30fc\u30e0\u306e\u9032\u5316\u6a5f\u69cb\u3092\u89e3\u6790\u3059\u308b\u826f\u3044\u6750\u6599\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, about 20 species have evolved to form wind-pollinated flowers (A-E). Compared to insect- and bird-pollinated flowers, petals are reduced and the stigmas are enlarged and protruding (B-D). (A-D) Erica axillaris<\/em> and (E) Erica muscosa<\/em> were photographed at Fernkloof Nature Reserve, South Africa. Flower morphology is known to convergently evolve into similar forms for each pollinator, a phenomenon known as the pollination syndrome. In the South African lineage, flowers pollinated by thrips, long proboscis flies, bees, and birds as well as wind have evolved several times in parallel (Pirie et al. 2011), which may provide good material for analyzing the evolutionary mechanism of the pollination syndrome if genes regulating flower morphology can be studied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bocher TW. 1981. Evolutionary trends in Ericalean leaf structure. Biol Skr kgl danske Vidensk Selsk 23: 1\u201364.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gillespie, E. and Kron, K. 2010. Molecular phylogenetic relationships and a revised classification of the subfamily Ericoideae (Ericaceae). Mol. <\/em>Phyl<\/em>. <\/em>Evol<\/em>.<\/em> 56: 343-354.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hagerup O. 1946. Studies on the Empetraceae. Kgldanske Vidensk Selsk biol Medd 20: 1\u201349.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hagerup, E. and Hagerup, O. 1953. Thrips pollination of Erica <\/em>tetralix<\/em>. New Phytol. 52: 1-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hofmann, C.C. 2018. Light and scanning electron microscopic investigations of pollen of Ericales (Ericaceae, Sapotaceae, Ebenaceae, Styracaceae and Theaceae) from five lower and mid-Eocene localities. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 187: 550-578.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Levyns, M.R. 1964. Migrations and origin of the Cape Flora. Trans. R. Soc. S. Afr. 37: 85-107.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

McGuire, A.F. and Kron, K.A. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships of European and African Ericas. Int. J. Plant Sci. 166: 311-318.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oliver, E.G.H. 1991. The Ericoideae (Ericaceae) \u2013 a review. Contrib. Bolus Herb. 13: 158-208.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. 10th Oct. 2023, http:\/\/www.mobot.org\/MOBOT\/research\/APweb\/. Stevens, P.F. with Luteyn, J., Oliver, E.G.H., Bell, T.L., Brown, E.A., Crowden, R.K., George, A.S., Jordan, G.J., Ladd, P., Lemson, K., McLean, C.B., Menadue, Y., Pate, J.S., Stace, H.M., and Weiller, C.M. 2004 Ericaceae. pp. 145-194. In K. Kubitzki ed. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. VI.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u540c\u50da\u306e\u5148\u751f\u304b\u3089\u3001\u300c\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u306e\u96a3\u306e\u30db\u30c6\u30eb\u306e\u524d\u3067\u54b2\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u30b7\u30bd\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u305f\u88f8\u5b50 … \u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080 →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[104,83,167,182,132,170],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1212"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1212"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1212\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1221,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1212\/revisions\/1221"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1212"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1212"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1212"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}