{"id":1120,"date":"2021-01-31T21:33:19","date_gmt":"2021-01-31T12:33:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1120"},"modified":"2021-01-31T21:33:19","modified_gmt":"2021-01-31T12:33:19","slug":"%e3%83%84%e3%83%81%e3%83%88%e3%83%aa%e3%83%a2%e3%83%81%e5%b1%9e%e3%80%80balanophora","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1120","title":{"rendered":"\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u5c5e\u3000Balanophora"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4e9c\u71b1\u5e2f\u304b\u3089\u71b1\u5e2f\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u5206\u5e03\u3057\u300113\u5c5e\u3001\u7d0442\u7a2e\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff08Kuijit and Hansen 2014, Nickrent 2020)\u3002\u5f93\u6765\u3001\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305fDactylanthus<\/i>, Hachettea<\/i>, Mystropetalon<\/i>\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u306e\u5c5e\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u3063\u305f\u5358\u7cfb\u7d71\u7fa4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3001Mystropetalaceae \u30df\u30b9\u30c8\u30ed\u30da\u30bf\u30e9\u79d1\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b(Su et al. 2015, Nickrent 2020)\u3002<\/p>\n

The Balanophoraceae includes ca. 42 species in 16 genera mainly in subtropical to tropical areas all over the world (Kuijit and Hansen 2014, Nickrent 2020). Dactylanthus<\/i>, Hachettea<\/i>, Mystropetalon<\/i>, previously included in the Balanophoraceae were found to form a monophyletic group: the Mystropetalaceae (Su et al. 2015, Nickrent 2020).<\/p>\n

Kuijt, J. and Hansen, B. 2014. Balanophoraceae. 193-208. In Kuijt, J. and Hansen, B. (eds). Series ed. K. Kubitzki, The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. XII. Santalales, Balanophorales. Springer.<\/p>\n

Nickrent, D.L. (2020). Parasitic angiosperms: How often and how many? Taxon 69<\/i>, 5\u201327.<\/p>\n

Su, H.J., Hu, J.M., Anderson, F.E., Der, J.P., and Nickrent, D.L. (2015). Phylogenetic relationships of Santalales with insights into the origins of holoparasitic Balanophoraceae. Taxon 64<\/i>, 491\u2013506.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\"Balanophora\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u4ed6\u306e\u5bc4\u751f\u690d\u7269\u306f\u3001\u5bc4\u4e3b\u304c\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u4f53\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u5bc4\u4e3b\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u5165\u308a\u8fbc\u307e\u305b\u3001\u5bbf\u4e3b\u304b\u3089\u6804\u990a\u3092\u5438\u53ce\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u306e\u7a2e\u306f\u3001\u5bc4\u4e3b\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u4f38\u3070\u3059\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u6839\u3092\u5bc4\u4e3b\u306e\u584a\u830e\u5185\u306b\u8a98\u5f15\u3001\u5206\u5c90\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3001\u5bbf\u4e3b\u304b\u3089\u6804\u990a\u5206\u3092\u5438\u53ce\u3059\u308b\uff08Hsiao 1993\u3001\u9091\u7530 2017\uff09\u3002\u5199\u771f\u3067\u30ad\u30a4\u30ec\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306e\u584a\u830e\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u5bbf\u4e3b\u306e\u6839\u304c\u4f38\u3073\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3044\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3067\u8a98\u5c0e\u3001\u4f38\u9577\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n

Species in the Balanophoraceae induce host root growth inside of the parasitic rhizome, while other parasitic plants penetrate their tissue into the host \uff08Hsiao 1993\u3001\u9091\u7530 2017\uff09.<\/p>\n

Hsiao, S.-C., Mauseth, J.D., and Gomez, L.D. (1993). Growth and Anatomy of the Vegetative Body of the Parasitic Angiosperm Helosis cayennensis (Balanophoraceae). Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 120<\/i>, 295\u2013309.<\/p>\n

\u9091\u7530\u4ec1\u30002017 \u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u3000\u5927\u6a4b\u5e83\u597d\u4ed6\u7de8\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u91ce\u751f\u690d\u7269\u30004\u300d\u5e73\u51e1\u793e\u3000pp. 72-74.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u5c5e\u306f\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u304b\u3089\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30aa\u30fc\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30ea\u30a2\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u5927\u9678\u306b\u306f\u5206\u5e03\u305b\u305a\u3001\u7d0420\u7a2e\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b(Hansen 1972, Su et al. 2012, \u9091\u7530 2017)\u3002<\/p>\n

The genus Balanophora <\/i>is mainly distributed in the temperate and tropical areas from Asia to Africa and Australia but not in America and about 20 species are recognized (Hansen 1972, Su et al. 2012, \u9091\u7530 2017).<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u306f\u751f\u6b96\u69d8\u5f0f\u306b\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u96cc\u96c4\u7570\u682a\u306e\u7a2e\u3001\u96cc\u96c4\u540c\u682a\u30671\u3064\u306e\u82b1\u5e8f\u306b\u96c4\u82b1\u3068\u96cc\u82b1\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u3001\u96cc\u82b1\u306e\u307f\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u5358\u70ba\u751f\u6b96\uff08\u7121\u7652\u5408\u7a2e\u5b50\u5f62\u6210\uff09\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u306a\u3069\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Stebbins 1941, Hansen 1972, Kuwada 1928)\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b5\u7a2e\u306e\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u30df\u30e4\u30de\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u3001\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u3001\u30e4\u30af\u30b7\u30de\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306f\u96cc\u682a\u306e\u307f\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u5358\u70ba\u751f\u6b96\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Su et al. 2012, \u9091\u7530 2017)\u3002\u5199\u771f\u306e\u30de\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30a2\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u306f\u3001\u96cc\u96c4\u7570\u682a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306f\u96cc\u682a\u3002<\/p>\n

Reproductive systems in the Balanophoraceae are variable. The family includes dioecious, androdioecious, and agamospermic species (Stebbins 1941, Hansen 1972, Kuwada 1928). This species distributed in Malesia is dioecious. This is an individual with a female inflorescence.<\/p>\n

Hansen, B. (1972). The genus\u00a0Balanophora<\/i>\u00a0J. R. & G. Forster a taxonomic monograph. Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 28<\/i>, 1\u2013188.<\/p>\n

Kuwada, Y. (1928). An occurrence of restitution nuclei in the formation of embryo sacs in\u00a0Balanophora japonica<\/i>. Bot. Mag. Tokyo 42<\/i>, 117\u2013129.<\/p>\n

\u9091\u7530\u4ec1 (2017). \u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u3000\u5927\u6a4b\u4ed6\u7de8\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u306e\u91ce\u751f\u690d\u7269\u3000\u7b2c4\u5dfb\u300d pp. 72-74. \u5e73\u51e1\u793e<\/p>\n

Stebbins, G.L. (2014). Apomixis in the angiosperms Bot. Rev. 7<\/i>, 507-542.<\/p>\n

Su, H.J., Murata, J., and Hu, J.M. (2012). Morphology and phylogenetics of two holoparasitic plants, Balanophora japonica and Balanophora yakushimensis (Balanophoraceae), and their hosts in Taiwan and Japan. J. Plant Res. 125<\/i>, 317\u2013326.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u96cc\u82b1\u5e8f\u306f\u591a\u6570\u306e\u96cc\u82b1\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

The female inflorescence contains a lot of flowers.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u96c4\u682a\u306e\u584a\u830e\u3002<\/p>\n

An unopened male tuber including a male inflorescence.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u584a\u830e\u306e\u65ad\u9762\u3002\u4e2d\u306b\u96c4\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u305f\u96c4\u82b1\u5e8f\u304c\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

Sections of a male tuber with a male inflorescence with several male flowers.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u30ea\u30e5\u30a6\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306f\u96c4\u6027\u4e21\u5168\u6027\u7570\u682a\u3067\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u82b1\u5e8f\u306b\u96c4\u82b1\u3068\u96cc\u82b1\u306e\u4e21\u65b9\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u682a\uff08H)\u3068\u96c4\u82b1\u306e\u307f\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u682a\uff08M\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

Even in the species to form both male and female flowers, the distribution of each sexual flower is variable. In Balanophora fungosa, <\/i>there are plants with both female and male flowers (H in the above picture) and those with only male flowers (M in the above picture) are found.\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u30ea\u30e5\u30a6\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306e\u4e21\u6027\u682a\u3067\u306f\u96c4\u82b1\u304c\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u57fa\u90e8\u306b\u5e2f\u72b6\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u96c4\u682a\u3067\u306f\u96c4\u82b1\u306f\u82b1\u5e8f\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u751f\u682a\u3067\u3082\u96c4\u82b1\u304c\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u4e0a\u90e8\u306b\u307e\u3067\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

Male flowers of Balanophora fungosa<\/i> are formed in the basal zone of the inflorescence or expands to whole inflorescence.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u4e21\u6027\u82b1\u3067\u3082\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u57fa\u90e8\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u82b1\u5e8f\u306e\u4e0a\u65b9\u306b\u307e\u3067\u96c4\u82b1\u5f62\u6210\u9818\u57df\u304c\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n

In some individuals, expansion of the male flowers are partial.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30ad\u30a4\u30ec\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306f\u4e21\u6027\u682a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u96c4\u82b1\u304c\u82b1\u5e8f\u5168\u4f53\u306b\u5206\u6563\u3057\u96c4\u82b1\u306e\u9593\u306b\u96cc\u82b1\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u96c4\u82b1\u3092\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u96c4\u82b1\u3068\u96cc\u82b1\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u96c4\u82b1\u5f62\u6210\u5834\u6240\u306e\u7570\u306a\u3063\u305f\u30d1\u30bf\u30fc\u30f3\u304c\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n

In Balanophora <\/i>tobiracola<\/i>, <\/i>male flowers are dispersed in an inflorescence. The mechanisms to induce the male and female flowers and to form the different patterns are unknown.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u30e4\u30af\u30b7\u30de\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1 Balanophora yakushimensis<\/em>\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u30ad\u30ce\u30b3\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u30cd\u30ba\u30df\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6563\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f(Conran and Li 2012)\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5302\u3044\u304c\u7121\u304f\u591c\u884c\u6027\u306e\u9f67\u6b6f\u985e\u3092\u8a98\u5f15\u305b\u305a\u3001\u8d64\u3044\u8272\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30b7\u30ed\u30cf\u30e9Turdus pallidus<\/em>\u3084\u30eb\u30ea\u30d3\u30bf\u30adTarsiger cyanurus<\/em>\u3092\u8a98\u5f15\u3057\u7a2e\u5b50\u6563\u5e03\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Suetsugu 2020)\u3002\u30ea\u30e5\u30a6\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306f\u8d64\u3068\u767d\u306e\u500b\u4f53\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7a2e\u5b50\u6563\u5e03\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306f\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n

Conran, J.G. and Li, J. (2012). A Preliminary Report of Small Mammal Frugivory on Balanophora harlandii (Balanophoraceae). Plant Divers. Resour. 34<\/i>, 466\u2013470.<\/p>\n

Suetsugu, K. (2020). A specialized avian seed dispersal system in a dry-fruited nonphotosynthetic plant, Balanophora yakushimensis. Ecology 101<\/i>, e03129.<\/p>\n

\"Balanophora<\/p>\n

\u30ea\u30e5\u30a6\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u81ea\u5bb6\u53d7\u7cbe\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30ea\u3084\u30b4\u30ad\u30d6\u30ea\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u81ea\u5bb6\u53d7\u7c89\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Kawakita and Kato 2007)\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30cf\u30a8\u3084\u30e1\u30a4\u30ac\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u304c\u4ed6\u82b1\u53d7\u7c89\u306b\u8ca2\u732e\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u7279\u306b\u3001\u30e1\u30a4\u30ac\u306f\u5375\u3092\u7523\u307f\u4ed8\u3051\u8150\u6557\u3057\u305f\u30ea\u30e5\u30a6\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u3092\u990c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5e7c\u866b\u304c\u80b2\u3064\uff08Kawakita and Kato 2007)\u3002<\/p>\n

Kawakita, A., and Kato, M. (2002). Floral biology and unique pollination system of root holoparasites, Balanophora kuroiwai and B. tobiracola (Balanphoraceae). Am. J. Bot. 89<\/i>, 1164\u20131170.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u30c4\u30c1\u30c8\u30ea\u30e2\u30c1\u79d1\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4e9c\u71b1\u5e2f\u304b\u3089\u71b1\u5e2f\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u5206\u5e03\u3057\u300113\u5c5e\u3001\u7d0442\u7a2e\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\uff08 … \u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080 →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[79,139,115,156,184],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1120"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1120"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1120\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1137,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1120\/revisions\/1137"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1120"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1120"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1120"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}