{"id":1535,"date":"2026-06-11T17:21:15","date_gmt":"2026-06-11T08:21:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1535"},"modified":"2026-06-12T11:16:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T02:16:06","slug":"%e3%82%bf%e3%83%8c%e3%82%ad%e3%83%8e%e3%82%b7%e3%83%a7%e3%82%af%e3%83%80%e3%82%a4%e7%a7%91-thismiaceae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1535","title":{"rendered":"\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1 Thismiaceae"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1 Thismiaceae<\/strong>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4 Thismia abei<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Kenji Suetsugu, Suetsugu et al. (2026), CC BY 4.0; \u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea Oxygyne hyodoi<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Syozi Hyodo, Cheek et al. (2018) Fig. 6, CC BY 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1 <\/strong>
Thismiaceae<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1 Thismiaceae\u306f\u3001\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e Haplothismia <\/em>(1\u7a2e)\u3001\u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea\u5c5e Oxygyne <\/em>(6\u7a2e)\u3001\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e Relictithismia<\/em> (1)\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e Thismia <\/em>(117\u7a2e)\u3001\u30c1\u30d7\u30c1\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e Tiputinia<\/em> (1\u7a2e)\u306e5\u5c5e\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08POWO)\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The family Thismiaceae comprises five genera: Haplothismia<\/em> (one species), Oxygyne<\/em> (six species), Relictithismia<\/em> (one species), Thismia<\/em> (117 species), and Tiputinia<\/em> (one species) (POWO).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u5404\u5c5e\u306e\u5206\u5e03 <\/strong>
Distribution of the genera of Thismiaceae<\/strong>
Source: POWO (2026). Plants of the World Online<\/em>. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/<\/a>. Retrieved 3 June 2026. Distribution data from Kew Backbone Distributions (WCVP). \u00a9 World Checklist of Vascular Plants, licensed under CC BY 3.0.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u5404\u5c5e\u306e\u5206\u5e03 <\/strong>
Distribution of the genera of Thismiaceae<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306f\u3001\u5168\u7a2e\u304c\u83cc\u5f93\u5c5e\u6804\u990a\u6027\u3067\u5149\u5408\u6210\u3092\u884c\u308f\u305a\u3001\u71b1\u5e2f\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u6e29\u5e2f\u307e\u3067\u306e\u6697\u3044\u6797\u5e8a\u306b\u751f\u80b2\u3059\u308b\u3002POWO\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u56f3\u306f\u56fd\u5358\u4f4d\u3067\u5206\u5e03\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u5206\u5e03\u57df\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5e83\u304f\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All species of Thismiaceae are mycoheterotrophic and non-photosynthetic, occurring on the dark forest floor from tropical to temperate regions, with their center of diversity in the tropics. The distribution maps in POWO are based on country-level records and therefore depict broader distributions than the actual species ranges.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/a>
\u30b3\u30a6\u30d9\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u306e\u81ea\u751f\u5730<\/strong>
Natural habitat of Thismia kobensis<\/em><\/strong>
\u30d2\u30ce\u30ad\u306e\u690d\u6797\u306b\u30b3\u30ca\u30e9\u306a\u3069\u306e\u5e83\u8449\u6a39\u304c\u4fb5\u5165\u3057\u305f\u6797\u5185\u3067\u3001\u30b3\u30a6\u30d9\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u306e\u751f\u80b2\u5730\u70b9\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u8349\u672c\u690d\u7269\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u751f\u80b2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff16\u6708\u306b\u5199\u771f\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u3044\u308b\u5834\u6240\u3067\u6628\u79cb\u306e\u843d\u8449\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u9664\u304f\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0b\u3067\u958b\u82b1\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u500b\u4f53\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3002The photographs above show a natural habitat of Thismia kobensis<\/em>. The site is located in a Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa<\/em>) plantation that has been slightly invaded by broad-leaved trees such as Quercus serrata<\/em>. Few other herbaceous plants occur in the vicinity of the T. kobensis<\/em> population. When the leaf litter deposited during the previous autumn was removed at the location indicated by the person in the photographs in June, flowering individuals were found beneath it.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306b\u7279\u6709\u306e\u5f62\u8cea <\/strong>
Distinctive characters of Thismiaceae<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306f\u3001 (1) \u5168\u7a2e\u304c\u5b8c\u5168\u83cc\u5f93\u5c5e\u6804\u990a\u6027\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001(2) \u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\uff11\u3064\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068 (Haplothismia<\/em>\u3092\u9664\u304f)\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7279\u5fb4\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thismiaceae is characterized by two shared characters: (1) all species are fully mycoheterotrophic, and (2) ectopic appendages are formed on at least one of the sepals, petals, or stamens (except in Haplothismia<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
1. \u5b8c\u5168\u83cc\u5f93\u5c5e\u6804\u990a <\/strong>
Fully mycoheterotrophic<\/strong>
Thismia macahensis<\/em>, Thismia aseroe<\/em>, Thismia<\/em> (= Bognisia<\/em>) episcopalis<\/em>: Drawings are reproduced from Engler (1889); Thismia variabilis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Mayk Oliveira, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/595106823, CC BY-NC; Thismia hyalina<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by cm_celeste, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/468954877, CC BY-NC; Thismia hyalina<\/em>:_Cropped from a photo by Martin Acosta, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/126745926, CC BY-NC; Thismia huangii<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by \u7f85\u5143\u752b, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/283029670, CC BY-NC; Thismia alba<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by AtiwatBoonrit, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/138703569, CC BY-NC; Thismia<\/em> sp.: Cropped from a photo by Michelle Honey, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/65865470, CC BY-NC; Relictithismia kimotsukiensis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo from Suetsugu et al. (2024), CC BY 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1. \u5b8c\u5168\u83cc\u5f93\u5c5e\u6804\u990a <\/strong>
Fully mycoheterotrophic<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1Thismiaceae\u306e\u5168\u7a2e\u306f\u5b8c\u5168\u83cc\u5f93\u5c5e\u6804\u990a\u6027 fully mycoheterotrophic\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u585a\u8c37 2016; \u672b\u6b21 2023\uff09\u3002\u591a\u304f\u306e\u690d\u7269\u306f\u8907\u6570\u7a2e\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30d0\u30b9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e9\u30fc\u83cc\u6839\u83cc\u3068\u5171\u751f\u3057\u3001\u5149\u5408\u6210\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u7523\u3057\u305f\u70ad\u6c34\u5316\u7269\u3084\u8102\u8cea\u3092\u83cc\u985e\u306b\u4f9b\u7d66\u3059\u308b\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\u3001\u83cc\u985e\u304b\u3089\u30ea\u30f3\u3001\u7a92\u7d20\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u7121\u6a5f\u5869\u3084\u6c34\u5206\u3092\u5f97\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Parniske 2008)\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306e\u690d\u7269\u306f\u5149\u5408\u6210\u3092\u884c\u308f\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3001\u83cc\u985e\u306b\u5149\u5408\u6210\u7523\u7269\u3092\u4f9b\u7d66\u305b\u305a\u3001\u751f\u6d3b\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u70ad\u7d20\u6e90\u3092\u542b\u3080\u6804\u990a\u5206\u3068\u6c34\u5206\u3092\u83cc\u985e\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Gomes et al., 2017; Merckx et al., 2017\uff09\u3002\u83cc\u985e\u304c\u5229\u7528\u3059\u308b\u70ad\u7d20\u6e90\u306f\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u5149\u5408\u6210\u690d\u7269\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306e\u690d\u7269\u306f\u83cc\u985e\u3092\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u690d\u7269\u304b\u3089\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u70ad\u7d20\u3092\u7372\u5f97\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3002\u5171\u751f\u3059\u308b\u30a2\u30fc\u30d0\u30b9\u30ad\u30e5\u30e9\u30fc\u83cc\u6839\u83cc\u306f\u901a\u5e38\uff11\u7a2e\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5c11\u6570\u7a2e\u306b\u9650\u3089\u308c\uff08Guo et al. 2019\u3001Gomes et al. 2017)\u3001\u5468\u8fba\u306e\u5149\u5408\u6210\u690d\u7269\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u5bbf\u4e3b\u7279\u7570\u6027\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u3001\u5171\u751f\u95a2\u4fc2\u306e\u7279\u6b8a\u5316\u304c\u9032\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Gomes et al. 2017)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7cf8\u72b6\u6839\u3092\u51fa\u3059\u584a\u6839 tuberous roots with filiform roots\u3001\u30df\u30df\u30ba\u5f62\u6839 vermiform roots\u3001\u30b5\u30f3\u30b4\u72b6\u6839 coralloid roots\u306a\u3069\u306e\u6839\u5f62\u614b\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Feller et al. 2022)\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6839\u5f62\u614b\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u5316\u306f\u3001(1) \u83cc\u7cf8\u304c\u5171\u751f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u3092\u5897\u3084\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3001(2) \u5e83\u3044\u8868\u9762\u7a4d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u83cc\u7cf8\u3068\u306e\u63a5\u89e6\u3001\u611f\u67d3\u6a5f\u4f1a\u3092\u9ad8\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001(3) \u83cc\u7531\u6765\u306e\u6804\u990a\u5206\u3092\u77ed\u8ddd\u96e2\u3067\u52b9\u7387\u3088\u304f\u690d\u7269\u4f53\u3078\u8f38\u9001\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e09\u3064\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u6700\u9069\u5316\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u9032\u5316\u3057\u305f\u7d50\u679c\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5404\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u306e\u6839\u304c\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6700\u9069\u89e3\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Feller et al. 2022) \u3002\u4e0a\u56f3\u3067\u306f\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>macahensis<\/em>\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>hyalina<\/em>\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>variabilis<\/em>\u304c\u584a\u6839\u578b\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>aseroe<\/em>\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>alba<\/em>\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>huangii<\/em>\uff0cT<\/em>. sp.\u304c\u30df\u30df\u30ba\u5f62\u6839\u578b\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>episcopalis<\/em>\u304a\u3088\u3073Relictithismia<\/em> <\/em>kimotsukiensis<\/em>\u306f\u30b5\u30f3\u30b4\u72b6\u6839\u578b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

All species of Thismiaceae are fully mycoheterotrophic. Most plants form symbiotic associations with multiple species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, supplying the fungi with carbohydrates and lipids produced by photosynthesis in exchange for phosphorus, nitrogen, other mineral nutrients, and water (Parniske 2008). In contrast, because members of Thismiaceae are non-photosynthetic, they do not provide photosynthates to their fungal partners but instead obtain their nutrients and water, including carbon sources required for growth and survival, from the fungi (Gomes et al. 2017; Merckx et al. 2017). Since these carbon sources ultimately originate from surrounding photosynthetic plants, members of Thismiaceae can be regarded as indirectly acquiring carbon from neighboring plants via their fungal associates. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with Thismiaceae are usually restricted to one or a few species (Guo et al. 2019; Gomes et al. 2017), exhibiting greater host specificity than those associated with surrounding photosynthetic plants, and are therefore considered to represent highly specialized symbiotic relationships (Gomes et al. 2017). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Three major root morphologies are recognized in theThismiaceae<\/em>: tuberous roots with filiform roots, vermiform roots, and coralloid roots (Feller et al. 2022). The diversification of these root types has been hypothesized to reflect optimization of three functional requirements: (1) increasing the amount of tissue available for fungal colonization, (2) enhancing opportunities for fungal contact and infection through a larger surface area, and (3) facilitating efficient transport of fungus-derived nutrients to the plant body over short distances. The different root types are therefore thought to represent alternative evolutionary solutions to these functional demands (Feller et al. 2022). In the figure above, T. macahensis<\/em>, T. hyalina<\/em>, and T. variabilis<\/em> possess tuberous roots; T. aseroe<\/em>, T. alba<\/em>, T. huangii<\/em>, and Thismia<\/em> sp. possess vermiform roots; and T. episcopalis<\/em> and Relictithismia kimotsukiensis<\/em> possess coralloid roots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
2. \u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\uff11\u3064\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff08\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e\u3092\u9664\u304f\uff09<\/strong>
2. Ectopic outgrowths are present on at least one of the sepals, petals, or stamens (except in Haplothismia<\/em>)<\/strong>
Thismia caudata<\/em>: Drawings are reproduced from Engler and Prantl (1908)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. \u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\uff11\u3064\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff08\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e\u3092\u9664\u304f\uff09<\/strong>
Ectopic outgrowths are present on at least one of the sepals, petals, or stamens (except in Haplothismia<\/em>).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306e\u82b1\u3082\u4ed6\u306e\u88ab\u5b50\u690d\u7269\u306e\u82b1\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u5916\u5074\u304b\u3089\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u306f\u5916\u82b1\u88ab\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u306f\u5185\u82b1\u88ab\u3068\u3082\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u56f3\u306e\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u7523Thismia caudata<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u304b\u3089\u7cf8\u72b6\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53petal appendages \u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u30013\u679a\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u5074\u304c\u5408\u7740\u3057\u3066\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020 mitre\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b(Engler and Prantl 1908; R\u00edos and da Cruz 2023)\u3002Mitre\u306f\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u8a9emitra\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u82f1\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u3067\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u30df\u30c8\u30e9\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3002\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u304a\u3088\u3073\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u7652\u5408\u3057\u3066\u82b1\u7b52\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u958b\u53e3\u90e8\u306f\u9686\u8d77\u3057\u3066\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8annulus\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u306b\u4e0b\u5782\u3057\u3001\u846f\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5916\u5074\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u88c2\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Flowers of Thismiaceae, like those of other angiosperms, are composed of sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels arranged from the outside inward. The sepals are also referred to as the outer perianth, and the petals as the inner perianth. In the Brazilian species Thismia caudata<\/em>, shown above, filamentous petal appendages elongate from the petals, while the distal portions of the three petals fuse to form a roof-like structure known as a mitre (Engler and Prantl 1908; R\u00edos and da Cruz 2023). The term \u201cmitre\u201d is derived from the Latin mitra<\/em> and is often rendered in Japanese as mitora<\/em>. The sepals, petals, and stamens are fused to form a floral tube, the opening of which is elevated into an annulus. The stamens hang down within the floral tube, and the anthers dehisce outward, away from the center of the floral tube.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4e0a\u306e\u7a81\u8d77 <\/strong>
Appendages on sepals\u3000<\/strong>
Thismia megalongensis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by izakschoon, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/176122303, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4e0a\u306e\u7a81\u8d77 <\/strong>
Appendages on sepals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thismia <\/em>megalongensis<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001T<\/em>. <\/em>caudata<\/em>\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\uff08\u6c34\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u3068\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\uff08\u9ec4\u7dd1\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u304b\u3089\u3082\u7a81\u8d77\uff08\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\uff1a\u9ec4\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002 In Thismia megalongensis<\/em>, as in T. caudata<\/em>, petal appendages (light blue arrows) and a mitre (light green arrows) are present. In addition, the sepals bear appendages (sepal appendages; yellow arrows).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u4e0a\u306e\u7a81\u8d77_1 <\/strong>
Appendages on stamens_1\u3000<\/strong>
Thismia appendiculata<\/em>: Drawings are reproduced from Schlechter (1919)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u4e0a\u306e\u7a81\u8d77_1 <\/strong>
Appendages on stamens_1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7a2e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u846f\u9694\u3084\u82b1\u7cf8\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u540c\u58eb\u304c\u7652\u5408\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5148\u7aef\u5074\u304c\u819c\u72b6\u306b\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u305f\u5148\u7aef\u306b\u817a\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u56f3\u306eThismia appendiculata<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u30016\u672c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u304c\u7652\u5408\u3057\u3066\u7b52\u72b6\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u53f3\u4e0a\u56f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\uff11\u672c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u6c34\u8272\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002\u53f3\u4e0b\u56f3\u3067\u306f\u846f\u3092\u9ec4\u8272\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In many species of Thismia<\/em>, the connective tissue and filaments of the stamens become elongated, resulting in fusion between adjacent stamens, expansion of their distal portions into laminar structures, or the formation of glands at the tips of the elongate structures. In Thismia appendiculata<\/em>, shown above, the six stamens are fused to form a tube. In the upper right figure, a single stamen is highlighted in light blue. In the lower right figure, the anthers are shown in yellow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u4e0a\u306e\u7a81\u8d77_2 <\/strong>
Appendages on stamens_2\u3000<\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> sp._1: Cropped from a photo by Michelle Honey, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/65865480, CC BY-NC; Thismia<\/em> sp._2: Cropped from a photo by Michelle Honey, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/65865470, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u4e0a\u306e\u7a81\u8d77_2 <\/strong>
Appendages on stamens_2\u3000<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u56f3\u306eThismia<\/em> sp.\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8 annulus \u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5eRelictithismia<\/em>\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\uff08Suetsugu et al. 2024)\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u304c\u307e\u3060\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In species of Thismia<\/em>, as in Thismia<\/em> sp. shown above, the basal portions of the stamen filaments elongate to form the annulus. An annulus is also present in Relictithismia<\/em> (Suetsugu et al. 2024), but its developmental process has not yet been reported, and it remains unclear whether it is derived from the basal portions of the stamen filaments, as in Thismia<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3001\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306e\u767a\u751f <\/strong>
Development of petal appendages, the mitre, and the annulus <\/strong>
Thismia javanica<\/em>_1: Cropped from a photo by piyapong, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/441606101, CC BY-NC; Thismia javanica<\/em>_2: Cropped from a photo by piyapong, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/441609408, CC BY-NC; Thismia mirabilis<\/em>_1: Cropped from a photo by Nithit Chai, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/304715542, CC BY-NC; Thismia mirabilis<\/em>_2: Cropped from a photo by Nithit Chai, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/304715575, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3001\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306e\u767a\u751f <\/strong>
Development of petal appendages, the mitre, and the annulus<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u7a81\u8d77\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002Nuraliev et al. (2021)\u306f\u6771\u5357\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u7523\u306eThismia <\/em>annamensis<\/em>\u3001T. javanica<\/em>\u3001T. <\/em>mucronata<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u5831\u544a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 (1) T. javanica<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u56f3\u5de6\u5074\u306bT. javanica<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u6a21\u5f0f\u56f3\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002T. javanica<\/em>_2\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306e\u9752\u8272\u77e2\u5370\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u8d64\u8272\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u7a81\u8d77\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306fNuraliev et al. (2021)\u3067\u306f\u8a00\u53ca\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7a81\u8d77\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8d77\u6e90\u3092\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) T. <\/em>mucronata<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3001\u7652\u5408\u3057\u3066\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u56f3\u53f3\u5074\u306bT. <\/em>mucronata<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u6a21\u5f0f\u56f3\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002Nuraliev et al. (2021)\u306fT. <\/em>mucronata<\/em>\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4e0a\u56f3\u306b\u306fShepeleva et al. (2020)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066T. <\/em>mucronata<\/em>\u306e\u59c9\u59b9\u7a2e\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3001\u985e\u4f3c\u3057\u305f\u82b1\u5f62\u614b\u3092\u3082\u3064T. mirabilis<\/em> \u306e\u82b1\u306e\u5199\u771f\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002 \u53f3\u4e0b\u306e\u5199\u771f\u3067\u9752\u8272\u306b\u7740\u8272\u3057\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u306f\uff11\u679a\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u5f01\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u306b\u306f\u9686\u8d77\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\uff08\u8d64\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u305d\u306e\u5148\u3078\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u9ec4\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u3002\u8d64\u8272\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u3001\u9ec4\u8272\u77e2\u5370\u3067\u793a\u3057\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u304c\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u7d44\u7e54\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3082\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001Nuraliev et al. (2021)\u3067\u306f\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u767a\u751f\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u539f\u57fa\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u57fa\u90e8\u5074\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306f\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u846f\u9694\u3084\u82b1\u7cf8\u304c\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306b\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u5f62\u614b\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u7d50\u679c\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7279\u7570\u306a\u82b1\u5f62\u614b\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u4e00\u90e8\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u539f\u57fa\u3001\u82b1\u7cf8\u304a\u3088\u3073\u846f\u9694\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306a\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

How are the appendages of the sepals, petals, and stamens formed? Nuraliev et al. (2021) investigated floral development in the Southeast Asian species Thismia annamensis<\/em>, T. javanica<\/em>, and T. mucronata<\/em> and reported the following observations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) In T. javanica<\/em>, during petal development, a new meristematic region is formed on the abaxial side of the petal primordium and subsequently elongates to form a petal appendage. A schematic diagram of the petal primordium of T. javanica<\/em> is shown on the left side of the figure above. The blue arrow in photograph T. javanica_2 indicates the tip of a petal appendage. In contrast, the projection indicated by the red arrow was not mentioned by Nuraliev et al. (2021). This structure may represent an elongation of the distal portion of the petal primordium, but observations of its developmental process are required to clarify its origin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) In T. mucronata<\/em>, during petal development, a new meristematic region is formed on the adaxial side of the petal primordium. This tissue elongates and fuses to form a mitre. A schematic diagram of the petal primordium of T. mucronata<\/em> is shown on the right side of the figure above. Although Nuraliev et al. (2021) studied T. mucronata<\/em>, the figure presented here shows flowers of T. mirabilis<\/em>, which was recovered as the sister species of T. mucronata<\/em> by Shepeleva et al. (2020) and possesses a similar floral morphology. In the lower right photograph, the blue-colored region corresponds to a single petal. A prominent swelling is present near the petal apex (red arrow), and an elongate structure extends beyond it (yellow arrow). The region indicated by the red arrow appears to correspond to the distal portion of the petal primordium, whereas the structure indicated by the yellow arrow may be derived from the meristematic tissue formed on the adaxial side. However, the developmental stages leading to mitre formation were not observed by Nuraliev et al. (2021), and further developmental studies are needed to test this interpretation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(3) Stamen primordia elongated toward the base of the hypanthium. The abaxial side of the basal portion of the staminal filaments elongated to form the annulus. In addition, ectopic elongation of the connective tissue and filaments gave rise to the complex morphology of the stamens. These observations suggest that at least some of the unusual floral structures found in Thismiaceae originated through the formation and subsequent elongation of ectopic meristematic regions on petal primordia, sepal primordia, staminal filaments, and connectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e <\/strong>
Thismia <\/em><\/strong>
clade 5 :Thismia hexagona<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Vojt\u011bch Tobias Bla\u017eek, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/334762964, CC BY-NC; clade 4: Thismia mirabilis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by BioM_Akekachoke.B, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/533284048, CC BY-NC; clade 2: Thismia rodwayi<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Katya Bandow, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/166370615, CC BY-NC; clade 1: Thismia thaithongiana<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by muangpaisuetrong, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/317373844, CC BY-NC; Thismia panamensis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by lialavida, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/424696457, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001ITS\u300118SrDNA\u3001\u304a\u3088\u3073atpA<\/em>\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u306e\u5869\u57fa\u914d\u5217\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u6790\u304b\u3089\u3001\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u306e\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u7528\u3044\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306f\u5358\u7cfb\u7d71\u7fa4\u3067\u3042\u308a\u30015\u3064\u306e\u5358\u7cfb\u7d71\u7fa4\uff08\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\uff09\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Shepeleva et al. 2020)\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u65b0\u71b1\u5e2f\u7523\u306eThismia<\/em> <\/em>panamensis<\/em>\u306f\u5225\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2eTiputinia<\/em> <\/em>foetida<\/em>\u3068\u59c9\u59b9\u7fa4\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u5168\u4f53\u306f\u591a\u7cfb\u7d71\u7fa4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Shepeleva et al. 2020)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e0a\u56f3\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u6a39\u306f\u300118S rDNA\u304a\u3088\u3073atpA<\/em>\u907a\u4f1d\u5b50\u306e\u5869\u57fa\u914d\u5217\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b(Suetsugu et al. 2024)\u3002\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u7a2e\u540d\u306e\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\u540d\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u5404\u30af\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\u306b\u5c5e\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u306e\u5199\u771f\u3092\u4f75\u305b\u3066\u63b2\u8f09\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u5f62\u614b\u306f\u591a\u69d8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u5f62\u8cea\u3067\u306f\u53ce\u6582\u9032\u5316\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Shepeleva et al. 2020)\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u5f62\u614b\u5f62\u8cea\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5c5e\u5185\u5206\u985e\u7cfb\uff08Kumar et al. 2017)\u306f\u3001\u5206\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u6790\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7cfb\u7d71\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08shepeleva et al. 2020, Suetsugu et al. 2024)\u3068\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\u3001\u3088\u308a\u591a\u304f\u306e\u7a2e\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u305f\u5206\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u6790\u304c\u9032\u3080\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u7cfb\u7d71\u95a2\u4fc2\u3092\u53cd\u6620\u3057\u305f\u5c5e\u5185\u5206\u985e\u4f53\u7cfb\u304c\u69cb\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u306e\u591a\u69d8\u6027\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6982\u89b3\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Phylogenetic analyses of ITS, 18S rDNA, and atpA<\/em> sequences indicate that the sampled Old World species of Thismia<\/em> form a monophyletic group that can be divided into five monophyletic clades (Shepeleva et al. 2020). In contrast, the Neotropical species Thismia panamensis<\/em> forms a sister group to Tiputinia foetida<\/em>, a species belonging to a different genus. Therefore, Thismia<\/em> as currently circumscribed is considered to be polyphyletic (Shepeleva et al. 2020).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The phylogenetic tree shown above was inferred from 18S rDNA and atpA<\/em> sequences (Suetsugu et al. 2024). For the Old World species of Thismia<\/em>, clade names are shown instead of species names, and photographs of representative species belonging to each clade are presented alongside the tree. Floral morphology in Thismia<\/em> is highly diverse, and several characters appear to have evolved convergently (Shepeleva et al. 2020). As a result, the infrageneric classification based on morphological characters (Kumar et al. 2017) does not necessarily correspond to the phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular data (Shepeleva et al. 2020; Suetsugu et al. 2024). As molecular phylogenetic analyses become available for a greater number of species, it may become possible to establish an infrageneric classification that more accurately reflects evolutionary relationships. In the following sections, the morphological diversity of Thismia<\/em> is reviewed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u6709\u7121<\/strong>
Thismia <\/em>: Variation in sepal appendages  <\/strong>
Thismia taiwanensis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by \u7f85\u5143\u752b, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/411535969, CC BY-NC; Thismia huangii<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by freesiahsu, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/603575987, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u6709\u7121 <\/strong>
Thismia <\/em>: Variation in sepal appendages<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u3068\u3057\u306a\u3044\u7a2e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002Thismia<\/em> <\/em>huangii<\/em>\uff08\u5de6\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3067\u306f\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001T. <\/em>taiwanensis<\/em>\uff08\u53f3\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3067\u306f\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u304c\u7cf8\u72b6\u306b\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u7d4c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306f\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002 Some species in Thismia <\/em>possess sepal appendages, whereas others do not. In Thismia huangii<\/em> (left photograph), sepal appendages are absent, whereas in T. taiwanensis<\/em> (right photograph), the distal portion of the sepal elongates into a filamentous sepal appendage. If sepal appendages develop through a process similar to that of petal appendages, they may originate from a meristematic region formed on the abaxial side of the distal portion of the sepal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6709\u7121 <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> : Variation in the mitre  <\/strong>
Thismia brunneomitroides<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by piyapong, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/441605563, CC BY-NC; Thismia aseroe<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Yee Chun Wah, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/588094417, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u6709\u7121 <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> : Variation in the mitre<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u3068\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3044\u7a2e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002Thismia<\/em> brunneomitroides<\/em> (\u5de6\u5199\u771f)\u306f\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001T. <\/em>aseroe<\/em> <\/em>(\u53f3\u5199\u771f)\u3067\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002 Within Thismia<\/em>, some species form a mitre, whereas others do not. Thismia brunneomitroides<\/em> (left photograph) possesses a mitre, whereas T. aseroe<\/em> (right photograph) lacks this structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u6709\u7121_1 <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> : Variation in petal appendages_1  <\/strong>
Thismia arachnites<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by \u0e01\u0e27\u0e34\u0e19\u0e20\u0e1e \u0e44\u0e0a\u0e22\u0e22\u0e32\u0e07\u0e1e\u0e32\u0e19\u0e34\u0e0a, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/446284372, CC BY-NC; Thismia selangorensis<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Joseph Pallante, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/443856134, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u6709\u7121_1 <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> : Variation in petal appendages_1<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u7a2e\u3068\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3044\u7a2e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u524d\u56f3\u306eThismia<\/em> brunneomitroides<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u672c\u56f3\u306eThismia <\/em>arachnites<\/em>\uff08\u5de6\uff09\u304a\u3088\u3073Thismia <\/em>selangorensis<\/em>\uff08\u53f3\uff09\u3067\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002 Within Thismia<\/em>, some species possess petal appendages, whereas others do not. In Thismia brunneomitroides<\/em> shown in the previous figure, petal appendages are absent, whereas in Thismia arachnites<\/em> (left) and Thismia selangorensis<\/em> (right) shown in the present figure, petal appendages are present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u6709\u7121_2 <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> : Variation in petal appendages_2  <\/strong>
Thismia panamensis<\/em>_1: Cropped from a photo by Hubert Szczygiet, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/81870711, CC BY-NC; Thismia panamensis<\/em>_2: Cropped from a photo by Ash Kerby-Miller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/58695284, CC BY-NC-ND; Thismia neptunis<\/em>: Drawings are reproduced from Beccari (1878)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff1a\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306e\u6709\u7121_2 <\/strong>
Thismia<\/em> : Variation in petal appendages_2<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5206\u5b50\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u6790 (Shepeleva et al. 2020)\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5358\u7cfb\u7d71\u7fa4\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u3067\u306f\u3001Nuraliev et al. (2021)\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3084\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u7cfb\u7d71\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3001\u30c6\u30a3\u30d7\u30c6\u30a3\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5eTiputinia<\/em>\u3068\u59c9\u59b9\u7fa4\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u5357\u7c73\u7523\u306eThismia panamensis<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u57fa\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u5148\u7aef\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5c0f\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001T. panamensis<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306a\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u539f\u57fa\u672c\u6765\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u305f\u69cb\u9020\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u306a\u304a\u3001\u30c6\u30a3\u30d7\u30c6\u30a3\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e\u3067\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30dc\u30eb\u30cd\u30aa\u5cf6\u7523\u306eThismia <\/em>neptunis<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u3001\u524d\u51fa\u306eThismia <\/em>megalongensis<\/em> <\/em>\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b(Sochor et al. 2018)\u3002\u3082\u3057\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306e\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u7d4c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u57fa\u90e8\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7a81\u8d77 (\u8d64\u8272\u77e2\u5370)\u306f\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3057\u3001\u9577\u3044\u7a81\u51fa\u90e8(\u6c34\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u306f\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u539f\u57fa\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5206\u88c2\u7d44\u7e54\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u5f01\u306b\u306f\u3001\u57fa\u90e8\u5074\u306e\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u9264\u72b6\u7a81\u8d77 (\u7d2b\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306f\u3001\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u7a81\u8d77\uff08Nuraliev et al. 2021)\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u985e\u4f3c\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7a81\u8d77\u306e\u5f62\u614b\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u5148\u7aef\u5074\u306e\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u306f\u7d30\u9577\u3044\u7a81\u8d77\uff08\u7dd1\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b(Sochor et al. 2018)\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u767a\u751f\u904e\u7a0b\u304c\u89e3\u6790\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u304c\u82b1\u5f01\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff08Nuraliev et al. 2021)\u3068\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3001\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u304a\u3088\u3073\u65b0\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u306e\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u767a\u751f\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u89e3\u6790\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e7\u4e16\u754c\u7523\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u7a81\u8d77\u5f62\u6210\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5f62\u6210\u904e\u7a0b\u3092\u6301\u3064\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306e\u3042\u308b\u7a2e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\u3001\u767a\u751f\u5b66\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u3068\u7cfb\u7d71\u89e3\u6790\u304c\u9032\u5c55\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u5c5e\u5185\u5206\u985e\u306e\u518d\u691c\u8a0e\u3084\u3001\u7570\u306a\u308b\u7a2e\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u7a81\u8d77\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u76f8\u540c\u6027\u306e\u8a55\u4fa1\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the Old World species of Thismia<\/em> that were inferred to form a monophyletic group in molecular phylogenetic analyses (Shepeleva et al. 2020), petal appendages and mitres appear to be formed through the development of novel meristematic regions on either the abaxial or adaxial side of the petal primordia, followed by their elongation, as observed by Nuraliev et al. (2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In contrast, Thismia panamensis<\/em>, a Neotropical species belonging to a lineage distinct from the Old World species of Thismia<\/em> and forming a sister group to the genus Tiputinia<\/em>, lacks the small projection at the adaxial base of the petal that is present in Old World species of Thismia<\/em> and is thought to represent the original apex of the petal primordium. This observation suggests that the petal appendage of T. panamensis<\/em> may not originate from an ectopic meristematic region formed on the abaxial side of the petal, but instead may represent an elongation of the original apex of the petal primordium itself. Petal appendages are absent in Tiputinia<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, in Thismia neptunis<\/em> from Borneo in the Old World, sepal appendages are formed (Sochor et al. 2018), as in the previously discussed T. megalongensis<\/em>. If these structures develop through a process similar to that of petal appendages, the projection located near the adaxial base of the sepal (red arrow) may correspond to the apex of the sepal primordium, whereas the long appendage (light blue arrow) may be derived from a meristematic region formed on the abaxial side of the sepal primordium.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The petals bear hook-shaped projections on their adaxial side near the base (purple arrow). Although these projections occupy a position similar to that of the structures that give rise to the mitre in Old World species of Thismia<\/em> whose development was studied by Nuraliev et al. (2021), the morphology of the resulting structures differs markedly. In addition, slender projections are formed on the adaxial side near the distal portions of the petals (green arrow) (Sochor et al. 2018). This contrasts with the Old World species of Thismia<\/em> whose development was analyzed by Nuraliev et al. (2021), in which petal appendages are formed on the abaxial side of the petals. These observations suggest that both Old World and New World species of Thismia<\/em> may include taxa in which floral appendages are formed through developmental pathways different from those documented in the Old World species studied by Nuraliev et al. (2021). Future developmental and phylogenetic studies will help to reassess infrageneric classification and to evaluate the homology of appendage structures among species.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u9001\u7c89\u6a5f\u69cb <\/strong>
Pollination mechanisms of Thismia  <\/em><\/strong>
Thismia tentaculata<\/em>_1: Cropped from a photo by \u6843\u5b50, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/673952674, CC BY-NC; Thismia tentaculata<\/em>_2: Cropped from a photo by \u6843\u5b50, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/673953422, CC BY-NC<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u9001\u7c89\u6a5f\u69cb <\/strong>
Pollination mechanisms of Thismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u7814\u7a76\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001Thismia<\/em> <\/em>tentaculata<\/em>\u3067\u306f\u8a73\u7d30\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Guo et al. 2019)\u3002T. <\/em>tentaculata<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30ad\u30ce\u30b3\u30d0\u30a8\u985e\u3001\u30b7\u30e7\u30a6\u30b8\u30e7\u30a6\u30d0\u30a8\u985e\u3001\u7532\u866b\u985e\u3001\u30c8\u30d3\u30e0\u30b7\u985e\u306a\u3069\u306e\u8a2a\u82b1\u304c\u89b3\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u305f\u304c\u3001\u4f53\u306b\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u4ed8\u7740\u3055\u305b\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u6709\u52b9\u306a\u9001\u7c89\u8005\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u306f\u30af\u30ed\u30d0\u30cd\u30ad\u30ce\u30b3\u30d0\u30a8\u79d1\uff08Sciaridae\uff09\u306e Corynoptera<\/em> \u5c5e\u306e\u307f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f(Guo et al. 2019)\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3059\u308b\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u30af\u30ed\u30d0\u30cd\u30ad\u30ce\u30b3\u30d0\u30a8\u79d1\u306e\u7a2e\u304c\u8a2a\u82b1\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Suetsugu et al. 2026)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u306fT. tentaculata<\/em>\u306e\u9ec4\u8272\u306e\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306b\u8272\u3067\u8a98\u5f15\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306e\u958b\u53e3\u90e8\uff08\u6c34\u8272\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u304b\u3089\u4fb5\u5165\u3057\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3068\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u9593\u306e\u72ed\u3044\u7a7a\u9593\u3092\u901a\u3063\u3066\u82b1\u7b52\u57fa\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u3078\u3068\u5230\u9054\u3059\u308b\u3002\u846f\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5074\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u88c2\u958b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u3053\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u3067\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u306e\u4f53\u8868\u306b\u82b1\u7c89\u304c\u4ed8\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u846f\u9694\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u306e\u6bdb\u304b\u3089\u306f\u6db2\u6ef4\u304c\u5206\u6ccc\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u304c\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u3078\u306e\u5831\u916c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5e95\u90e8\u306b\u5230\u9054\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u7c98\u7740\u6027\u306e\u67f1\u982d\u306b\u63a5\u89e6\u3057\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u306f\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306b\u56f2\u307e\u308c\u305f\u4e2d\u592e\u306e\u7b52\u72b6\u958b\u53e3\u90e8\uff08\uff0a\uff09\u304b\u3089\u82b1\u5916\u3078\u8131\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u7279\u7570\u306a\u8272\u5f69\u306f\u30ad\u30ce\u30b3\u3078\u306e\u64ec\u614b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u3001\u5c4b\u6839\u72b6\u69cb\u9020\u306f\u3001\u30ad\u30ce\u30b3\u30d0\u30a8\u985e\u3092\u8a98\u5f15\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u82b1\u4e0a\u3092\u79fb\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u969b\u306e\u8db3\u5834\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Guo et al. 2019)\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Although pollination biology of Thismia<\/em> has attracted considerable interest, direct observations of pollinators are scarce because the plants are rare, small, and flower on the dark forest floor. Detailed observations have nevertheless been conducted for Thismia tentaculata<\/em> (Guo et al. 2019). Visitors to the flowers of T. tentaculata<\/em> included fungus gnats, drosophilid flies, beetles, and springtails. However, the only insects found carrying pollen and therefore considered effective pollinators belonged to the sciarid genus Corynoptera<\/em> (Sciaridae) (Guo et al. 2019). Similarly, visits by sciarid flies have also been reported in the Japanese species Thismia kobensis<\/em> (Suetsugu et al. 2026).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pollinators are thought to be attracted by the yellow annulus of T. tentaculata<\/em>. They enter the flower through the opening of the annulus (light blue arrows) and move through the narrow space between the stamens and the floral tube to reach the pistil located at the base of the floral tube. Because the anthers dehisce toward the floral tube, pollen is deposited on the body surface of the insect during this process. Droplets are secreted from hairs at the tips of the connectives, and these secretions have been suggested to function as rewards for pollinators. After reaching the base of the floral tube and contacting the sticky stigma, the insects eventually escape from the flower through the central tubular opening (*) surrounded by the stamens. The unusual coloration of Thismia<\/em> flowers has been suggested to represent mushroom mimicry. The sepal appendages, petal appendages, and mitre may function in attracting fungus gnats and providing footholds for their movement on the flower (Guo et al. 2019).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e <\/strong>
Haplothismia  <\/em><\/strong>
Drawings are reproduced from Airy Shaw (1952)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e <\/strong>
Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u30013\u679a\u306e\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u30013\u679a\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u30016\u672c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u30013\u5fc3\u76ae\u304c\u5408\u7740\u3057\u305f\uff11\u672c\u306e\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b (Airy Shaw 1952)\u3002\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3068\u82b1\u5f01\u306f\u540c\u5f62\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u533a\u5225\u306f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u3002\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306e\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306e\u5c5e\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u82b1\u5668\u5b98\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7a81\u8d77\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5916\u5074\u3078\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u305f\u5f8c\u3001\u5148\u7aef\u90e8\u304c\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u5074\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u5c48\u66f2\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u304c\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306b\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u3082\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flower of Haplothismia<\/em> consists of three sepals, three petals, six stamens, and a single pistil composed of three fused carpels (Airy Shaw 1952). The sepals and petals are morphologically identical and can be distinguished only by their position. Unlike the other genera of Thismiaceae, Haplothismia<\/em> does not produce ectopic appendages on its floral organs. The stamens are thought to elongate beyond the floral tube and subsequently bend inward toward its interior at their distal ends. In addition, the basal portions of the filaments do not undergo ectopic elongation, and no annulus is formed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea\u5c5e <\/strong>
Oxygyne<\/em><\/strong>
\u00a0 <\/em><\/strong>Oxygyne triandra<\/em>: Drawings are reproduced from Engler, A. (1908); Oxygyne shinzatoi <\/em>\u30db\u30b7\u30b6\u30ad\u30b7\u30e3\u30af\u30b8\u30e7\u30a6_1: Cropped from a photo by Hibiki Katayama, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/328132754, CC BY; Oxygyne shinzatoi <\/em>\u30db\u30b7\u30b6\u30ad\u30b7\u30e3\u30af\u30b8\u30e7\u30a6_2: Cropped from a photo by Hibiki Katayama, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/328132800, CC BY; Oxygyne yamashitae <\/em>\u30e4\u30af\u30ce\u30d2\u30ca\u30db\u30b7: Cropped from a photo by Kenji Suetsugu, Thorogood (2019), CC BY-NC-ND 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea\u5c5e <\/strong>
Oxygyne<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u3082\u30013\u679a\u306e\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u30013\u679a\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u30013\u672c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u304a\u3088\u30733\u5fc3\u76ae\u304c\u5408\u7740\u3057\u305f1\u672c\u306e\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b (Engler 1908)\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306f\u677f\u72b6\u7a81\u8d77\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002Oxygyne triandra<\/em>\u306e\u53f3\u4e0a\u56f3\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3053\u306e\u677f\u72b6\u7a81\u8d77\u306f\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306e\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306e\u80cc\u8ef8\u5074\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3066\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306e\u9686\u8d77\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3068\u306f\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u82b1\u5f01\u3068\u5bfe\u751f\u3059\u308b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3092\u6b20\u304f\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u5bfe\u751f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3082\u677f\u72b6\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b (Yahara and Tsukaya 2008; Suetsugu et al. 2019)\u3002\u3082\u3057\u677f\u72b6\u7a81\u8d77\u304c\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306b\u7531\u6765\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u5bfe\u751f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306e\u767a\u751f\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u304c\u4fdd\u6301\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flowers of Oxygyne<\/em> also consist of three sepals, three petals, three stamens, and a single pistil composed of three fused carpels. Unlike those of Thismia<\/em>, however, the annulus is formed by annulus lamellae. As shown in the upper right figure of Oxygyne triandra<\/em>, these annulus lamellae appear to be formed by elongation of the adaxial side of the filament base. This contrasts with Thismia<\/em>, in which the abaxial side of the filament base expands to form the annular ridges. Furthermore, although stamens are produced opposite the petals, lamellar appendages are also present at positions opposite the sepals, where stamens are absent (Yahara and Tsukaya 2008; Suetsugu et al. 2019). If these lamellar appendages are indeed derived from the filament bases, this may indicate that part of the developmental program of the filament base is retained even at the sepal-opposed positions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e <\/strong>
Relictithismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u30013\u679a\u306e\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u30013\u679a\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u30016\u672c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u304a\u3088\u30733\u5fc3\u76ae\u304c\u7652\u5408\u3057\u305f\uff11\u672c\u306e\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b(Suetsugu et al. 2024)\u3002\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3068\u82b1\u5f01\u306f\u7d30\u9577\u304f\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u4e0a\u7a81\u8d77\u3084\u82b1\u5f01\u4e0a\u7a81\u8d77\u306f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u5411\u8ef8\u5074\u57fa\u90e8\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u4e0d\u660e\u306a\u3001\u4e38\u3044\u7d30\u80de\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u30ab\u30eb\u30b9\u72b6\u306e\u9686\u8d77\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9686\u8d77\u306f\u9001\u7c89\u6606\u866b\u306e\u8a98\u5f15\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u53e3\u90e8\u3067\u82b1\u5f01\u304b\u3089\u89e3\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u53e3\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u5168\u9577\u306e1\/4\u307b\u3069\u57fa\u90e8\u5074\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3067\u89e3\u96e2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306f\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u89e3\u96e2\u90e8\u4ed8\u8fd1\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53f3\u306e\u5199\u771f\uff08Suetsugu et al. 2024)\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u3068\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u6700\u521d\u304b\u3089\u4e0b\u5411\u304d\u306b\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flowers of Relictithismia<\/em> consist of three sepals, three petals, six stamens, and a single pistil formed by the fusion of three carpels (Suetsugu et al. 2024). The sepals and petals are filiform, but they lack the sepal and petal appendages seen in Thismia<\/em>. Both possess a callus-like cluster composed of rounded cells at the adaxial base, although its function remains unknown. This swelling may contribute to the attraction of pollinating insects. The stamens do not separate from the petals at the mouth of the floral tube, but instead separate at a position about one-quarter of the total length below the mouth. The annulus is formed at the region where the stamens separate. According to the right picture above (Suetsugu et al. 2024), the stamens appear to elongate downward from the outset, as in Thismia<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30c1\u30d7\u30c1\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e <\/strong>
Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong>
  <\/em><\/strong>Tiputinia foetida<\/em>_1: Cropped from a photo by Alan Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/362476435, CC BY; Tiputinia foetida<\/em>_2: Cropped from a photo by Alan Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/366763162, CC BY; Tiputinia foetida<\/em>_3: Cropped from a photo by Alan Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/367555871, CC BY<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30c1\u30d7\u30c1\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e <\/strong>
Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30c1\u30d7\u30c1\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u3001\uff13\u679a\u306e\u30ac\u30af\u7247\u3001\uff13\u679a\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\uff16\u672c\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3001\u304a\u3088\u30733\u5fc3\u76ae\u304c\u7652\u5408\u3057\u305f\uff11\u672c\u306e\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b (Woodward et al. 2007)\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5916\u5074\u3078\u4f38\u3073\u3001\u9014\u4e2d\u3067\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5185\u5074\u3078\u5411\u3051\u3066\u5c48\u66f2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u7cf8\u57fa\u90e8\u306f\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u3066\u74b0\u72b6\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u5074\u3078\u5f35\u308a\u51fa\u3059\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8annulus\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u82b1\u7cf8\u304b\u3089\u306f\u82b1\u7cf8\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53\u304c\u4f38\u9577\u3057\u3001\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u9593\u306b\u306f\u7403\u72b6\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u9593\u88c2\u7247 globoid interstaminal lobes\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The flowers of Tiputinia<\/em> consist of three sepals, three petals, six stamens, and a single pistil formed by the fusion of three carpels (Woodward et al. 2007). The stamens extend outward from the floral tube and then bend inward toward the inside of the tube. The filament bases are expanded and connected in a ring, but they do not form an annulus projecting into the floral tube. Filament appendages extend from the filaments, and globoid interstaminal lobes are formed between the stamens.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u306e\u5c5e\u306e\u691c\u7d22\u8868\uff08Cheek et al. 2018\u3068Suetsugu et al. 2024\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u4f5c\u6210)<\/strong>
Key to the genera of Thismiaceae (based on Cheek et al. 2018 and Suetsugu et al. 2024)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1a.<\/strong> \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u53e3\u90e8\u3067\u82b1\u5f01\u3068\u96e2\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f\u306f\u3058\u3081\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5916\u90e8\u3078\u4f38\u9577\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u5074\u3078\u5c48\u66f2\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5c48\u66f2\u90e8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u53e3\u90e8\u5916\u5074\u304b\u3089\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002\u846f\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u53e3\u90e8\u304b\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u3084\u3084\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u2026\u2026 2 (<\/strong>Oxygyne<\/em><\/strong> <\/em>\u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea<\/strong>\u5c5e<\/strong>, <\/strong>Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e\u3001<\/strong>Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30c6\u30a3\u30d7\u30c6\u30a3\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1b.<\/strong> \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u90e8\uff08Relictithismia<\/em> \u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u53e3\u90e8\uff08Thismia<\/em> \u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff09\u3067\u82b1\u5f01\u3068\u96e2\u751f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u846f\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u2026\u2026 4<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>Relictithismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\u3001<\/strong>Thismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

1a.<\/strong> Staminal filaments free from the perianth at the mouth of the hypanthium. Stamens initially extend outward from the hypanthium but later bend inward; the bent portion is visible from outside the mouth of the hypanthium. Anthers positioned at the mouth of the hypanthium or slightly within it. \u2026\u2026 2<\/strong> (Oxygyne<\/em><\/strong>, Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong>, Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong>)

1b.<\/strong> Staminal filaments free from the perianth within the hypanthium (in Relictithismia<\/em>) or at the mouth of the hypanthium (in Thismia<\/em>). Anthers positioned within the hypanthium. \u2026\u2026 4<\/strong> (Relictithismia<\/em><\/strong>, Thismia<\/em><\/strong>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Oxygyne triandra<\/em>: Reproduced from Engler (1908); Haplothismia exannulata<\/em>: Reproduced from Shaw (1952); Thismia caudata<\/em>: Reproduced from Engler and Prantl (1908); Tiputinia foetida<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Alan Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/367555871, CC BY;\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4 Relictithismia kimotsukiensis<\/em>: Reproduced from Suetsugu et al. (2024) CC BY 4.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2a<\/strong>.<\/strong> \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f6\u672c\u3002\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\uff08annulus\uff09\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002 \u2026\u2026 3<\/strong>\uff08<\/strong>Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e\u3001<\/strong>Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30c6\u30a3\u30d7\u30c6\u30a3\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e<\/strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2b.<\/strong> \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306f3\u672c\u3002\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306b\u677f\u72b6\u7a81\u8d77\uff08annulus lamellae\uff09\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u2026\u2026 Oxygyne<\/em><\/strong> <\/em>\u30d2\u30ca\u30ce\u30dc\u30f3\u30dc\u30ea<\/strong>\u5c5e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2a.<\/strong> Stamens 6. Annulus absent. \u2026\u2026 3<\/strong> (Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong>, Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2b.<\/strong> Stamens 3. Annulus present and bearing lamellar appendages (annulus lamellae). \u2026\u2026 Oxygyne<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Oxygyne shinzatoi <\/em>\u30db\u30b7\u30b6\u30ad\u30b7\u30e3\u30af\u30b8\u30e7\u30a6: Cropped from a photo by Hibiki Katayama, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/328132800, CC BY; Tiputinia foetida<\/em>: Cropped from a photo by Aland Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/observations\/205032669, CC BY 4.0; Haplothismia exannulata<\/em>: Reproduced from Airy Shaw, H.K. (1952)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

3a<\/strong>.<\/strong> \u82b1\u5e8f\u306f\u5730\u4e0a\u6027\u3067\u3001\u591a\u6570\u56de\u5206\u679d\u3057\u3001\u5404\u679d\u306e\u5148\u7aef\u306b\u82b1\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u4e0a\u306b\u7570\u6240\u7684\u306a\u7a81\u8d77\u306f\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002 \u2026\u2026 Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/em><\/strong>\u30cf\u30d7\u30ed\u30c6\u30a3\u30b9\u30df\u30a2\u5c5e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3b.<\/strong> \u82b1\u5e8f\u306f\u5730\u8868\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u751f\u3058\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u306f1\u82b1\u306e\u307f\u3092\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u304b\u30895\u5bfe\u307e\u305f\u306f6\u5bfe\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u4ed8\u5c5e\u4f53 filament appendage\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002\u7403\u72b6\u306e\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u9593\u88c2\u7247\uff08globoid interstaminal lobes\uff09\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u2026\u2026 Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30c6\u30a3\u30d7\u30c6\u30a3\u30cb\u30a2\u5c5e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3a.<\/strong> Inflorescence aerial, repeatedly branched, with flowers borne at the tips of the branches. Stamens lacking ectopic appendages. \u2026\u2026 Haplothismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

3b.<\/strong> Inflorescence produced close to the ground surface, usually bearing a single flower. Stamens with five or six pairs of filament appendages arising from the filaments. Globoid interstaminal lobes present. \u2026\u2026 Tiputinia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
Haplothismia exannulata<\/em>: Reproduced from Airy Shaw (1952); Tiputinia foetida<\/em>_1: Cropped from a photo by Alan Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/362476435, CC BY;
Tiputinia foetida<\/em>_3: Cropped from a photo by Alan Rockefeller, https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/photos\/367555871, CC BY; Haplothismia exannulata<\/em>: Reproduced from Airy Shaw (1952)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4a<\/strong>.<\/strong> \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u90e8\u3067\u82b1\u5f01\u3068\u96e2\u751f\u3057\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u5185\u90e8\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u846f\u80cc\u5074\u304c\u67f1\u982d\u306b\u4ed8\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3000\u2026\u2026 Relictithismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4b.<\/strong> \u96c4\u305a\u3044\u306e\u82b1\u7cf8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u53e3\u90e8\u3067\u82b1\u5f01\u3068\u96e2\u751f\u3057\u3001\u74b0\u72b6\u90e8\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u53e3\u90e8\u306b\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u846f\u306f\u67f1\u982d\u3068\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3059\u308b\u3002 \u2026\u2026 Thismia<\/em><\/strong> <\/strong>\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u5c5e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4a.<\/strong> Staminal filaments free from the perianth within the hypanthium, and the annulus formed within the hypanthium. The abaxial side of the anthers adheres to the stigma. \u2026\u2026 Relictithismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4b.<\/strong> Staminal filaments free from the perianth at the mouth of the hypanthium, and the annulus formed at the mouth of the hypanthium. Anthers separated from the stigma. \u2026\u2026 Thismia<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/a>
\u30e0\u30b8\u30ca\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4Relictithismia kimotsukiensis<\/em>: Reproduced from Suetsugu et al. (2024); Thismia caudata<\/em>: Reproduced from Engler and Prantl (1908)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u8b1d\u8f9e<\/strong>
Acknowledgements<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u308b\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308a\u3001\u585a\u8c37\u88d5\u4e00\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u672b\u6b21\u5065\u53f8\u535a\u58eb\u3001\u6edd\u6fa4\u548c\u99ac\u6c0f\u3001\u4e7e\u548c\u8f1d\u6c0f\u306b\u306f\u305f\u3044\u3078\u3093\u304a\u4e16\u8a71\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5fc3\u3088\u308a\u5fa1\u793c\u7533\u3057\u4e0a\u3052\u307e\u3059\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u672c\u7a3f\u306b\u8a18\u8f09\u3057\u305f\u5185\u5bb9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u8cac\u4efb\u306f\u9577\u8c37\u90e8\u5149\u6cf0\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I am deeply grateful to Dr. Hirokazu Tsukaya, Dr. Kenji Suetsugu, Mr. Kazuma Takizawa, and Mr. Kazuki Inui for their invaluable help in preparing this account of Thismiaceae. Responsibility for all contents of this manuscript, however, rests solely with Mitsuyasu Hasebe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u732e <\/strong>
References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Airy Shaw, H.K. (1952). A new genus and species of Burmanniaceae from South India. Kew Bull. 7<\/em>, 277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4109280.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beccari, O. (1878) Burmanniaceae. Malesia 1: 240-253.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cheek, M., Tsukaya, H., Rudall, P.J., and Suetsugu, K. (2018). Taxonomic monograph of Oxygyne<\/em> (Thismiaceae), rare achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs with strongly disjunct distribution. PeerJ : e4828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/PEERJ.4828\/FIG-10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engler, A. (1889) Burmanniaceae. In Engler, A. and Prantl, K. Die Nat\u00fcrlichen Pflanzen Familien. II Teil. 6. Abteilung. page 47, Fig. 38. Leipzig, Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engler, A. (1908) Die Pflanzenwelt Afrikas insbesondere seiner tropischen Gebiete. Vol. 2 page 9. In: Engler & Drude (eds.), Die Vegetation der Erde 9. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Engler, A. and Prantl, K. 1908. Nat. Pflanzenfam. Erganzungshefte II. p. 73 Fig. 12. Thismia caudata<\/em>\u304c\u30b7\u30ce\u30cb\u30e0\u306eGlaziocharis macahensis<\/em>\u3068\u3057\u3066\u56f3\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002Thismia caudata<\/em> is illustrated under its synonym Glaziocharis macahensis<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Schlechter, R. (1919) 57. Eine neue Papuasische Burmanniacee. In Engler, A. (1919) Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 55: 202-203<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Feller, B., Dan\u010d\u00e1k, M., Hrone\u0161, M., Sochor, M., Suetsugu, K., and Imhof, S. (2022). Mycorrhizal structures in mycoheterotrophic Thismia<\/em> spp. (Thismiaceae): functional and evolutionary interpretations. Mycorrhiza 32<\/em>, 269\u2013280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00572-022-01076-3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gomes, S.I.F., Aguirre-Guti\u00e9rrez, J., Bidartondo, M.I., and Merckx, V.S.F.T. (2017). Arbuscular mycorrhizal interactions of mycoheterotrophic Thismia<\/em> are more specialized than in autotrophic plants. New Phytol. 213<\/em>, 1418\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/NPH.14249;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Guo, X., Zhao, Z., Mar, S.S., Zhang, D., and Saunders, R.M.K. (2019). A symbiotic balancing act: arbuscular mycorrhizal specificity and specialist fungus gnat pollination in the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia<\/em> (Thismiaceae). Ann. Bot. 124<\/em>, 331\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/AOB\/MCZ087.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kumar, P., Gale, S.W., Li, J.-H., Bouamanivong, S., and Fischer, G.A. (2017). Thismia nigricoronata<\/em>, a new species of Burmanniaceae (Thismieae, Dioscoreales) from Vang Vieng, Vientiane Province, Laos, and a key to subgeneric classification. Phytotaxa 319<\/em>, 225\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/PHYTOTAXA.319.3.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Merckx, V.S.F.T., Gomes, S.I.F., Wapstra, M., Hunt, C., Steenbeeke, G., Mennes, C.B., Walsh, N., Smissen, R., Hsieh, T.H., Smets, E.F., et al. (2017). The biogeographical history of the interaction between mycoheterotrophic Thismia<\/em> (Thismiaceae) plants and mycorrhizal Rhizophagus<\/em> (Glomeraceae) fungi. J. Biogeogr. 44<\/em>, 1869\u20131879. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JBI.12994;PAGE:STRING:ARTICLE\/CHAPTER.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nuraliev, M.S., Yudina, S. V., Shepeleva, E.A., Truong, B.V., Do, T.X., Beer, A.S., and Remizowa, M. V. (2021). Floral structure in Thismia<\/em> (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales): new insights from anatomy, vasculature and development. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 195<\/em>, 501\u2013531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BOTLINNEAN\/BOAA066.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parniske, M. (2008). Arbuscular mycorrhiza: the mother of plant root endosymbioses. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6<\/em>, 10 6<\/em>, 763\u2013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrmicro1987.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

POWO (2026). Plants of the World Online<\/em>. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; https:\/\/powo.science.kew.org\/. Retrieved 3 June 2026. Distribution data from Kew Backbone Distributions (WCVP). \u00a9 World Checklist of Vascular Plants, licensed under CC BY 3.0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

R\u00edos, R.C., and da Cruz, V.J.M.V. (2023). Rediscovery of Thismia caudata<\/em> after 129 years and synopsis of other achlorophyllous herbs from the Pico do Marumbi State Park and buffer zone in Piraquara, Paran\u00e1, Brazil. Rodrigu\u00e9sia 74<\/em>, e01122022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/2175-7860202374042.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shepeleva, E.A., Schelkunov, M.I., Hrone\u0161, M., Sochor, M., Dan\u010d\u00e1k, M., Merckx, V.S., Kikuchi, I.A., Chantanaorrapint, S., Suetsugu, K., Tsukaya, H., et al. (2020). Phylogenetics of the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia<\/em> (Thismiaceae: Dioscoreales) with a focus on the Old World taxa: delineation of novel natural groups and insights into the evolution of morphological traits. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 193: 287\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/BOTLINNEAN\/BOAA017.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sochor, M., Egertov\u00e1, Z., Hrone\u0161, M., and Dan\u010d\u00e1k, M. (2018). Rediscovery of Thismia neptunis<\/em> (Thismiaceae) after 151 years. Phytotaxa 340<\/em>, 71\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/PHYTOTAXA.340.1.5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u672b\u6b21\u5065\u53f8\uff082023\uff09\u300c\u690d\u7269\u300d\u3092\u3084\u3081\u305f\u690d\u7269\u305f\u3061\uff08\u798f\u97f3\u9928\u66f8\u5e97\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suetsugu, K., Sugimoto, T., and Tsukaya, H. (2019). Emended description and new localities of Oxygyne shinzatoi. <\/em>(Burmanniaceae\/Thismiaceae), with discussion of phylogenetic relationships of Oxygyne<\/em> from Japan and Africa. Phytotaxa 423<\/em>, 238-246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/PHYTOTAXA.423.4.2.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suetsugu, K., Nakamura, Y., Nakano, T., and Tagane, S. (2024). Relictithismia kimotsukiensis<\/em>, a new genus and species of Thismiaceae from southern Japan with discussions on its phylogenetic relationship. J. Plant Res. 137: 411\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10265-024-01532-5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Suetsugu, K., Sennikov, A.N., and Nuraliev, M.S. (2026). Multifaceted obscurity of Thismia abei<\/em> (Thismiaceae): A fairy lantern with the protologue long disregarded in practice. Plants People Planet. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PPP3.70214;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:25722611;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:25722611;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Thorogood, C.J. (2019). Oxygyne<\/em>: An extraordinarily elusive flower. Plants People Planet 1<\/em>, 67\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/PPP3.26;JOURNAL:JOURNAL:25722611;REQUESTEDJOURNAL:JOURNAL:25722611;WGROUP:STRING:PUBLICATION.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u585a\u8c37\u88d5\u4e00 (2016) \u68ee\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u690d\u7269 (\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Woodward, C.L., Berry, P.E., Kamer, H.M. de, and Swing, K. (2007). Tiputinia foetida<\/em>, a new mycoheterotrophic genus of Thismiaceae from Amazonian Ecuador, and a likely case of deceit pollination. Taxon 56<\/em>, 157\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/25065746. Yahara, T., and Tsukaya, H. (2008). Oxygyne yamashitae<\/em>, a new species of Thismiaceae from Yaku island, Japan. Acta Phytotax. Geobot. 59<\/em>, 97\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18942\/APG.KJ00005012322.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1 Thismiaceae \u30bf\u30cc\u30ad\u30ce\u30b7\u30e7\u30af\u30c0\u30a4\u79d1 Thismi … \u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080 →<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[32,44,1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1535"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1535"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1535\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1576,"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1535\/revisions\/1576"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1535"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1535"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1535"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}