{"id":1207,"date":"2023-10-04T13:35:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-04T04:35:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1207"},"modified":"2023-10-04T13:35:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-04T04:35:00","slug":"%e3%83%8f%e3%82%a4%e3%83%9e%e3%83%84%e3%81%ae%e7%a8%ae%e5%ad%90%e6%95%a3%e5%b8%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/?p=1207","title":{"rendered":"\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u6563\u5e03"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"Pinus<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306f\u68ee\u6797\u9650\u754c\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u5c3e\u6839\u7b4b\uff08A\uff09\u3084\u5c71\u9802\uff08B\uff09\u306b\u751f\u80b2\u3059\u308b\uff08A\u3001B\uff1a\u3068\u3082\u306b\u5317\u30a2\u30eb\u30d7\u30b9\u6c34\u6676\u5cb3\u304b\u3089\u8d64\u725b\u5cb3\u3078\u306e\u5c3e\u6839\u7b4b)\u3002\u53d7\u7cbe\u3057\u305f\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\uff08C)\u306f\u3001\u7fcc\u5e74\u306b\u6210\u719f\u3059\u308b\uff08D)\u3002 <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Japanese stone pine Pinus pumila<\/em>, known as “Haimatsu\u201c as a Japanese name grows on ridgelines (A) and mountain peaks (B) beyond the forest limit (A, B: both refer to the ridgeline from Mount Suisho-dake to Mount Akaushi-dake in the Northern Alps, Japan). The fertilized pine cones (C) mature in the following year (D).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"Pinus<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u306e\u8ef8\u306f\u7d30\u304f\u3001\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u679d\u304b\u3089\u53d6\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6797\u5e8a\u306b\u306f\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u5e2f\u306e\u5ca9\u306e\u4e0a\u3084\u767b\u5c71\u9053\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3070\u3089\u3070\u3089\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u304c\uff13\u301c\uff15\u500b\u304f\u3089\u3044\u843d\u3061\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3092\u3088\u304f\u898b\u304b\u3051\u308b\uff08E)\u3002\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30de\u30c4\u5c5e\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u3068\u7570\u306a\u308a\u7ffc\u304c\u7121\u3044\uff08C)\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u7a2e\u76ae\u304c\u5272\u308c\u3066\u4e2d\u8eab\u304c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u843d\u3061\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7a2e\u5b50\u306e\u6570\u306f\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7a2e\u5b50\u6570\u3088\u308a\u3082\u305a\u3063\u3068\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u82bd\u751f\u3048\u306f\u3001\u305f\u3044\u304c\u3044\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u56fa\u307e\u3063\u3066\u751f\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08E\u3001F\uff1aF\u306fE\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u62e1\u5927\uff09\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7406\u7531\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001Hayashida (2003)\u306f\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u306e\u30a2\u30dd\u30a4\u5cb3\u3067\u7814\u7a76\u3092\u884c\u3063\u305f\u3002\u30db\u30b7\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\uff08G\uff1a\u9577\u91ce\u770c\u4ed9\u4e08\u30f6\u5cb3\u3067\u64ae\u5f71\uff09\u306f\u3001\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u304c\u307e\u3060\u672a\u719f\u306a7\u6708\u534a\u3070\u304b\u3089\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u3092\u58ca\u3057\u3066\u3001\u672a\u719f\u306a\u7a2e\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3002\uff18\u6708\u306b\u306a\u308a\u8336\u8272\u304f\u67c4\u304c\u3057\u304a\u308c\u3066\u53d6\u308a\u3084\u3059\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u6210\u719f\u3057\u305f\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8336\u8272\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3082\u304e\u53d6\u308b\u3002\u304f\u3061\u3070\u3057\u3067\u7a2e\u76ae\u3092\u5272\u308a\u3001\u3044\u304f\u3064\u304b\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306e\u4e2d\u8eab\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u6b8b\u308a\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306e\u3046\u3061\u3001\u5185\u4e73\u306e\u767a\u9054\u3057\u305f\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u9078\u3093\u3067\u3001\u820c\u4e0b\u56a2\uff08sublingual pouch)\u306b\u8caf\u3081\u308b\u3002\uff11\u56de\u306b2\u301c10\u500b\u306e\u677e\u307c\u3063\u304f\u308a\u304b\u308915\u301c78\u500b\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u63a1\u53d6\u3059\u308b\u3002\uff18\u6708\u306e\u7e41\u6b96\u671f\u3001\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u7e41\u6b96\u5834\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e9c\u9ad8\u5c71\u5e2f\u306e\u6a39\u6797\u4e0b\u306b\u904b\u3070\u308c\u3001\u6570\u304b\u6240\u306b\u5206\u3051\u3066\u6570\u30bb\u30f3\u30c1\u306e\u6df1\u3055\u306b\u8caf\u8535\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u8caf\u8535\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u3001\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u767a\u82bd\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u4e9c\u9ad8\u5c71\u5e2f\u306f\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u81ea\u751f\u57df\u3088\u308a\u4f4e\u304f\u3001\u304b\u3064\u3001\u6797\u5e8a\u3067\u3042\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u82bd\u751f\u3048\u306f\u67af\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u7e41\u6b96\u671f\u3092\u7d42\u3048\u305f\uff19\u6708\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30db\u30b7\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u63a1\u53d6\u3057\u305f\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u81ea\u751f\u5730\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3001\u5fd8\u308c\u3089\u308c\u3066\u767a\u82bd\u3057\u305f\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u6210\u9577\u3057\u3001\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u7e41\u6b96\u306f\u6210\u529f\u3059\u308b\u3002\u30db\u30b7\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\u306f\u30011 km\u304f\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3067\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u904b\u3076\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u52b9\u7387\u306e\u826f\u3044\u7a2e\u5b50\u6563\u5e03\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u30e9\u30a4\u30c1\u30e7\u30a6\uff08H)\u3084\u30af\u30de\u306a\u3069\u3082\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u98df\u3079\u308b\u304c\u300196\uff05\u306e\u7a2e\u5b50\u306f\u30db\u30b7\u30ac\u30e9\u30b9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u904b\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30cf\u30a4\u30de\u30c4\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u3082\u3001\u5317\u7c73\u306eP. albicaulis<\/em>\u3001P. flexilis<\/em>\u3001P. edulis<\/em>\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u306eP. cembra<\/em>\u3001\u30b7\u30d9\u30ea\u30a2\u306eP. sibirica<\/em>\u3001\u6771\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306eP. koraiensis<\/em>\u3067\u3082\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u5404\u6587\u732e\u306fHayashida [2003] \u53c2\u7167\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cones of the Japanese stone pine, Pinus pumila<\/em>, referred to as “Haimatsu” as a Japanese name have slender stalks that can be easily detached from the branches but are not typically found on the forest floor. On the other hand, when in the rocky areas and hiking trails within the P. pumila<\/em> zone, it is common to come across scattered three to five fallen cones (E). Unlike many other pine species, P. pumila<\/em> seeds lack wings (C). You may find some ruptured seed coats with empty interiors. The number of seeds on the ground is often much lower than the total number of seeds inside the cones. Furthermore, P. pumila<\/em> seedlings tend to grow in clusters (E, F: F is an enlargement of the central part of E). To explain this phenomenon, Hayashida (2003) conducted research on Mount Apoi in Hokkaido. The Eurasian nutcracker, Nucifraga<\/em> <\/em>caryocatactes<\/em> (G: photographed at Mount Senjo in Nagano Prefecture) starts damaging the cones and consuming immature seeds from mid-July when the cones are still immature. As August approaches, mature cones turn brown, and their stalks wither, making them easier to pick. Nutcrackers select the brown ones, crack them open with their beaks, and eat the contents of some seeds. Meanwhile, they pick out the well-developed seeds from the remaining ones and store them in a sublingual pouch. They collect 15 to 78 seeds from 2 to 10 cones in one feeding session. During the breeding season in August, the crows transport the seeds to the subalpine forest floor, their breeding site, and store them in several locations at a depth of a few centimeters. Some of these stored seeds are forgotten and end up germinating. However, since the subalpine zone is lower than the natural habitat of P. pumila<\/em> and covered with forest litter, most of the seedlings perish. On the other hand, by September, after the breeding season, the large-billed crows start burying the seeds they collected near the P. <\/em>pumila<\/em>‘s natural habitat. Here, the forgotten seeds can grow, and P. pumila<\/em> seed reproduction is successful. It is believed that nutcrackers can transport seeds up to approximately 1 km, making their seed dispersal highly efficient. Although other animals such as rock ptarmigans Lagopus <\/em>muta<\/em> (H) and bears also eat P. pumila<\/em> seeds, 96% of the seeds are transported by nutcrackers. This unique seed dispersal strategy is observed not only in P. pumila<\/em> but also in other species such as Pinus <\/em>albicaulis<\/em>, Pinus <\/em>flexilis<\/em>, Pinus edulis<\/em> in North America, Pinus cembra<\/em> in Europe, Pinus <\/em>sibirica<\/em> in Siberia, and Pinus <\/em>koraiensis<\/em> in East Asia (references are available in Hayashida [2003]).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hayashida, M. 2003. Seed dispersal of Japanese stone pine by the Eurasian Nutcracker. Ornithol. Sci. 2: 33-40.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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