![\"Aristolochia\"](\"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30991.jpeg\")
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Aristolochia gigantea<\/i>\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u306eBahia\u5dde\u3084Minas Gerais\u5dde\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\uff08Costa and Hime 1981)\u3002\u624b\u306e\u3072\u3089\u306e\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3082\u3042\u308b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u5f01\u306e\u6a21\u69d8\u306b\u306f\u591a\u578b\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5de6\u4e0a\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7db2\u76ee\u304c\u9855\u8457\u306a\u500b\u4f53\u3084\u3001\u4e2d\u592e\u306e\u5199\u771f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7db2\u76ee\u304c\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u76ee\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u500b\u4f53\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n
\u30a6\u30de\u30ce\u30b9\u30ba\u30b5\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u306f\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u9001\u7c89\u69d8\u5f0f\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08Oelschl\u00e4gel et al. 2009)\u3002\u82b1\u7c89\u5a92\u4ecb\u6606\u866b\u306f\u7a2e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6982\u306d\u30cf\u30a8\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u304f\u3073\u308c\u305f\u82b1\u7b52\u306b\u306f\u3001\u5965\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u305f\u6bdb\u304c\u5bc6\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u305f\u30cf\u30a8\u306f\u3001\u6bdb\u3068\u540c\u3058\u5411\u304d\u306b\u306f\u52d5\u304d\u3084\u3059\u3044\u304c\u3001\u9006\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6bdb\u306b\u9006\u3089\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u52d5\u304d\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u3001\u82b1\u306e\u5965\u3078\u5965\u3078\u3068\u5165\u308a\u8fbc\u3080\u3002\u30a6\u30de\u30ce\u30b9\u30ba\u30af\u30b5\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u306f\u4e21\u6027\u82b1\u3060\u304c\u3001\u96cc\u671f\u3068\u96c4\u671f\u306b\u5206\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u958b\u82b1\u76f4\u5f8c\u306f\u96cc\u671f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5965\u3078\u3068\u5165\u3063\u305f\u866b\u306f\u3001\u5185\u5411\u304d\u306e\u6bdb\u306e\u305b\u3044\u3067\u3001\u82b1\u306e\u5916\u3078\u306f\u51fa\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u96c4\u305a\u3044\u3084\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u306e\u5468\u308a\u306b\u306f\u871c\u817a\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u871c\u3092\u63a2\u3057\u3066\u3046\u308d\u3046\u308d\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4f53\u306b\u3064\u3044\u305f\u4ed6\u500b\u4f53\u306e\u82b1\u7c89\u304c\u3001\u6210\u719f\u3057\u305f\u96cc\u305a\u3044\u306b\u304f\u3063\u3064\u304d\u3001\u53d7\u7c89\u304c\u304a\u3053\u308b\u3002\u958b\u82b1\u5f8c\u3001\uff11\u65e5\u304b\u3089\u6570\u65e5\u3067\u3001\u96cc\u671f\u304b\u3089\u96c4\u671f\u3078\u3068\u5909\u5316\u3057\u3001\u82b1\u7c89\u304c\u846f\u304b\u3089\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u82b1\u7c89\u306f\u3001\u52d5\u304d\u56de\u308b\u30cf\u30a8\u306e\u4f53\u306b\u4ed8\u7740\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6642\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u89d2\u5ea6\u304c\u5927\u304d\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5185\u5411\u304d\u306b\u751f\u3048\u305f\u6bdb\u304c\u3084\u308f\u3089\u304b\u304f\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u3057\u306a\u3073\u308c\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5916\u3078\u51fa\u308b\u969c\u5bb3\u304c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u30cf\u30a8\u306f\u82b1\u306e\u5916\u3078\u3068\u8131\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u5225\u306a\u82b1\u3078\u3068\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u904b\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n
A.\u00a0<\/em>gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u3001\u3068\u308a\u308f\u3051\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5165\u308a\u53e3\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u5199\u771f\u306e\u767d\u77e2\u5370\uff09\u306f\u8089\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8272\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30f3\u30ca\u30f3\u30b7\u30e7\u30a6\u3084\u30e9\u30d5\u30ec\u30b7\u30a2\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u306b\u898b\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3082\u3001\u8089\u304c\u8150\u3063\u305f\u5302\u3044\u304c\u305f\u3060\u3088\u3044\u3001\u30cf\u30a8\u3092\u8a98\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305d\u3046\u306a\u96f0\u56f2\u6c17\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u540c\u3058\u30a6\u30de\u30ce\u30b9\u30ba\u30af\u30b5\u5c5e\u306eA. grandiflora<\/i>\u3082\u5927\u304d\u306a\u82b1\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\uff08\u53f3\u306e\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u5165\u308a\u53e3\u306e\u8272\u304c\u6fc3\u304f\u3001\u8150\u8089\u81ed\u3092\u767a\u3059\u308b\uff08Burgess et al. 2004)\u3002<\/p>\n \u306a\u306e\u3067\u3001A. gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u306e\u5302\u3044\u3092\u521d\u3081\u3066\u55c5\u3044\u3060\u3068\u304d\u306b\u306f\u9a5a\u3044\u305f\u3002\u67d1\u6a58\u7cfb\u306e\u826f\u3044\u9999\u308a\u304c\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3002<\/p>\n \u9999\u308a\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u30cf\u30a8\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u8a2a\u82b1\u6606\u866b\u3092\u547c\u3073\u5bc4\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30ebBahia\u5ddeChapada Diamantina\u306e\u81ea\u751f\u5730\u3067\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4e0b\u6c34\u6e9d\u3084\u30b4\u30df\u6e9c\u3081\u3067\u7e41\u6b96\u3059\u308b\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u79d1Phoridae\u306e\u30e1\u30ac\u30bb\u30ea\u30a2\u5c5eMegaselia<\/i>\u306e\u7a2e\u304c\u82b1\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u5165\u308a\u3001\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u5a92\u4ecb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046 (Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012)\u3002<\/p>\n Aristolochia gigantea<\/i> is found in the states of Bahia and Minas Gerais in Brazil (Costa and Hime 1981). A. gigantea<\/i> produces large flowers that are more than twice the size of the palm of one’s hand. The color pattern of the petals is polymorphic, with some individuals having pronounced reticulation, as in the upper left photo, and others having almost no reticulation, as in the center photo.<\/p>\n Members of the horse chestnut family have a special pollination mode (Oelschl\u00e4gel et al. 2009). Pollinators vary among species, but are generally flies. The constricted flower tube is densely covered with hairs towards the back. Flies with pollen from other flowers can move easily in the same direction as the hairs, but not in the opposite direction, as they would be going against the hairs. This is why they penetrate deeper into the flower. They are bisexual, but are divided into female and male phases. Immediately after flowering, the flowers are in the female phase. Once inside the flower tube, the insects are unable to exit the flower due to the inward-facing hairs. There are nectar glands around stamens and gynoecium, and when they wander around looking for nectar, pollen from other individuals on their bodies sticks to the mature pistil and pollination occurs. One to several days after flowering, the flower changes from the female to the male phase, and pollen is released from the anthers. The pollen adheres to the body of the fly as it moves around. At this time, the angle of the flower tube increases, and the inwardly growing hairs become soft and pliable. Then there is no obstacle to exit, and the fly escapes out of the flower and carries pollen to another flower.<\/p>\n The petals of A. gigantea<\/i>, especially the entrance of the flower tube (white arrows in the photos), are flesh-colored. As is the case with A. gigantea<\/i> and A. rafflesia<\/i>, it smells like rotting flesh, attracting flies. A. grandiflora<\/i>, a member of the same genus, also has large flowers (photos on the right) with a dark color at the entrance of the flower tube and a carrion smell (Burgess et al. 2004).<\/p>\n So I was surprised when I first smelled the flowers of A. gigantea<\/i>. It has a nice citrus scent.<\/p>\n If the scent is different, does it attract other flower-visiting insects besides flies? However, according to a study conducted in the native habitat of Chapada Diamantina in Bahia, Brazil, species of Megaselia<\/i> species of the family Phoridae, which breed in sewage ditches and garbage dumps, enter the flowers and transmit pollen (Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012).<\/p>\n \u81ea\u751f\u5730\u3067\u306f\u3001A<\/i>. gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u671d\uff16\u6642\u534a\u3053\u308d\u958b\u82b1\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\uff18\u6642\u3053\u308d\u307e\u3067\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u985e\u304c\u591a\u304f\u8a2a\u82b1\u3059\u308b(Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012)\u3002\u4ed6\u306e\u30a6\u30de\u30ce\u30b9\u30ba\u30af\u30b5\u985e\u3068\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u958b\u82b1\u521d\u65e5\u306f\u96cc\u671f\u3067\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u304b\u3089\u5165\u308a\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u5965\u306e\u96cc\u3057\u3079\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u3067\u3046\u308d\u3046\u308d\u3057\u3001\u871c\u817a\u304b\u3089\u5206\u6ccc\u3055\u308c\u308b\u871c\u3092\u5438\u3044\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4ed6\u500b\u4f53\u306e\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u96cc\u3057\u3079\u306b\u53d7\u7c89\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3002\u7fcc\u65e5\u3001\u846f\u304c\u88c2\u958b\u3057\u3066\u96c4\u671f\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u871c\u817a\u304b\u3089\u871c\u304c\u5206\u6ccc\u3055\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u9999\u6c17\u304c\u8457\u3057\u304f\u6e1b\u5c11\u3001\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u306f\u4f53\u306b\u82b1\u7c89\u3092\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u3001\u5916\u754c\u3078\u3068\u51fa\u3066\u3044\u304f(Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012)\u3002<\/p>\n In its native habitat, A. gigantea<\/i> flowers around 6:30 in the morning, after which many flea flies visit the flowers until around 8:00 (Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012). As in other horse chestnut species, the first day of flowering is the female stage, when fruit flies enter through the flower tube and hang around the pistil at the back of the tube, sucking nectar from the glands and pollinating the pistil with pollen from other flowers. The next day, when the anthers split open and enter the male stage, the nectar glands no longer secrete nectar, the fragrance is significantly reduced, and the flea flies attach pollen to their bodies and leave for the outside world (Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012).<\/p>\n The corolla tube of A. gigantea<\/i> is densely covered with inward-facing hairs. However, according to a survey in the native habitat, flea flies freely move in and out even in the female stage, and the hairs on the flower tube do not become shriveled even in the male stage (Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012). However, when I observed the cultivated plants, the hairs that were present on the first day of flowering were shriveled three days later, so there may be intraspecific polymorphism (see photos above). In the case of the cultivated plants, the hairs were not long enough to completely block the flower tube, and the flea flies seemed to be able to escape if they were forced to (Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012). Therefore, the hairs are not absolutely trapping the fruit fly, but rather keeping it inside the flower until it reaches the male stage by providing nectar and making it difficult for it to escape. \u30a6\u30de\u30ce\u30b9\u30ba\u30af\u30b5\u79d1\u306f\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a2a\u82b1\u3059\u308b\u6606\u866b\u306b\u96cc\u96c4\u5dee\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002Aristolochia <\/i>gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u5834\u5408\u300196%\u306f\u96c4\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08Martin et al. 2017)\u3002\u96cc\u306e\u51fa\u3059\u8a98\u5f15\u30d5\u30a7\u30ed\u30e2\u30f3\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u5316\u5b66\u7269\u8cea\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u89e3\u6790\u4f8b\u306f\u898b\u3064\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n \u3055\u3066\u3001A. gigantea<\/i>\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u8150\u8089\u306e\u5302\u3044\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u67d1\u6a58\u7cfb\u306e\u723d\u3084\u304b\u306a\u5302\u3044\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u3001\u30cf\u30a8\u304c\u5bc4\u3063\u3066\u304f\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n \u30b3\u30b9\u30bf\u30ea\u30ab\u3068\u30d1\u30ca\u30de\u306b\u81ea\u751f\u3059\u308bA. <\/i>gorgona<\/i>\u306f\u3001\u9577\u3089\u304fA. <\/i>gigantea<\/i>\u3068\u6df7\u540c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u304c\u3001\u82b1\u304c\u3088\u308a\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3001\u857e\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306b\u82b1\u51a0\u4e0b\u90e8\u304c\u62d2\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5f8c\u65b9\u306b\u66f2\u304c\u308b\u5f62\u614b\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u30012002\u5e74\u306b\u3001\u5225\u7a2e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u767a\u8868\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff08Blanco 2002)\u3002\u305d\u3093\u306a\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u7a2e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001A. <\/i>gorgona<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u306f\u3001A. gigantea<\/i>\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8150\u81ed\u304c\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff08Blanco 2002)\u3002<\/p>\n 2017\u5e74\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3001A. gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u9999\u308a\u6210\u5206\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002\u78ba\u304b\u306b\u3001\u9999\u308a\u306e\u4e3b\u6210\u5206\u306f\u3001\u7518\u3044\u67d1\u6a58\u985e\u306e\u679c\u5b9f\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u5302\u3044\u306e(E<\/i>)-citral\u3001(Z<\/i>)-citral\u3001citronellol\u3001 citronellal\u3060\u3063\u305f\uff08Martin et al. 2017)\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u8089\u306e\u8150\u81ed\u3084\u8150\u3063\u305f\u679c\u5b9f\u306b\u542b\u307e\u308c\u308b\u30cb\u30f3\u30cb\u30af\u306b\u4f3c\u305f\u9999\u308a\u306edimethyl disulfide\u3001\u30b4\u30eb\u30b4\u30f3\u30be\u30fc\u30e9\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u9999\u308a\u3067\u3042\u308b2-heptanone\u306a\u3069\u3082\u5fae\u91cf\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u691c\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u304c\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u306e\u4ef2\u9593\u3092\u547c\u3073\u5bc4\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bc4\u4e0e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n \u3067\u306f\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u67d1\u6a58\u985e\u306e\u5302\u3044\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u67d1\u6a58\u7cfb\u306e\u9999\u308a\u3068\u4ea4\u3058\u308b\u3068\u8150\u81ed\u304c\u3088\u308a\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u306b\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3001\u81ea\u751f\u5730\u306e\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u985e\u306f\u67d1\u6a58\u7cfb\u306e\u8272\u3068\u5302\u3044\u3092\u597d\u3080\u306a\u3069\u306a\u3069\u3001\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u4eee\u8aac\u304c\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7b54\u3048\u306f\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n \u3055\u3089\u306b\u5947\u5999\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3001\u67d1\u6a58\u985e\u306e\u5302\u3044\u306f\u3001\u82b1\u5f01\u306e\u8089\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8272\u3092\u3057\u305f\u7d44\u7e54\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8150\u81ed\u306f\u30ec\u30e2\u30f3\u8272\u3092\u3057\u305f\u82b1\u7b52\u5165\u308a\u53e3\u3084\u5185\u90e8\u306e\u7d44\u7e54\u304b\u3089\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u898b\u305f\u76ee\u3068\u9999\u308a\u304c\u4e00\u81f4\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\uff08Martin et al. 2017)\u3002\u306a\u3093\u3068\u3082\u4e0d\u53ef\u89e3\u306a\u82b1\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n Depending on the species, the sex of pollinators are varied in Aristolochia<\/i>, and in the case of Aristolochia gigantea<\/i>, 96% are male (Martin et al. 2017). I wondered if they might be producing chemicals similar to the attractant pheromones produced by females, but I could not find any references.<\/p>\n Now, shall we consider why does A. gigantea<\/i> attract flies when it smells fresh and citrusy instead of carrion?<\/p>\n A. gorgona<\/i>, native to Costa Rica and Panama, was confused with A. gigantea <\/i>for a long time, but in 2002 it was described as a separate species because of its larger flowers and the way the lower part of the corolla bends backward like a reflex when in bud (Blanco 2002). Although the species are so similar, the flowers of A. <\/i>gorgona<\/i> are said to have a putrid odor, unlike A. gigantea<\/i> (Blanco 2002).<\/p>\n In 2017, the scent components of A. gigantea<\/i> were revealed. Indeed, the main components of the aroma were (E)-citral, (Z)-citral, citronellol, and citronellal, which smell like sweet citrus fruits (Martin et al. 2017). However, dimethyl disulfide, a garlic-like odor found in rotting meat and rotten fruit, and 2-heptanone, the primary scent of Gorgonzola, were also detected, albeit in trace amounts, and these may contribute to attracting flea flies.<\/p>\n So why are so many citrus smells being released? There are several hypotheses, such as that the rotting odor is more effective when mixed with citrus scents, or that the native fruit flies prefer citrus colors and smells, but we do not know the answer.<\/p>\n Even stranger, the citrus smell is emitted from the flesh-colored tissue of the petals, while the rotten smell is emitted from the lemon-colored tissue at the entrance and inside of the flower tube, and the appearance and scent do not match (Martin et al. 2017). It is a very puzzling flower. A. gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u51a0\u306e\u6a21\u69d8\u306f\u3001\u30a2\u30f3\u30c8\u30b7\u30a2\u30cb\u30f3\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8272\u7d20\u304c\u84c4\u7a4d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u7d30\u80de\u3068\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u7d30\u80de\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8272\u7d20\u306e\u84c4\u7a4d\u306f\u8449\u8108\u3068\u8449\u8108\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u3067\u304a\u3053\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30ad\u30f3\u30ae\u30e7\u30bd\u30a6\u306e\u82b1\u5f01\u3067\u8449\u8108\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u30a2\u30f3\u30c8\u30b7\u30a2\u30cb\u30f3\u304c\u5408\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6a21\u69d8\u304c\u5165\u308b\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u5831\u544a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002bHLH\u8ee2\u5199\u56e0\u5b50DELILA\u3068MUTABILIS\u304c\u8868\u76ae\u7d30\u80de\u3067\u767a\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8449\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8868\u76ae\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u653e\u5c04\u72b6\u767a\u73fe\u3059\u308bMYB\u8ee2\u5199\u56e0\u5b50VENOSA\u306e\u767a\u73fe\u3068\u91cd\u306a\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u3067\u30a2\u30f3\u30c8\u30b7\u30a2\u30cb\u30f3\u5408\u6210\u9175\u7d20\u3092\u8a98\u5c0e\u3059\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b (Shang et al., 2011)\u3002A. gigantea<\/i>\u306e\u82b1\u51a0\u306e\u6a21\u69d8\u306e\u591a\u578b\u306e\u539f\u56e0\u306f\u3001\u3069\u306e\u8449\u8108\u3067\u3069\u306e\u304f\u3089\u3044\u9060\u304f\u307e\u3067\u8272\u7d20\u5408\u6210\u304c\u5e83\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u30ad\u30f3\u30ae\u30e7\u30a6\u30bd\u30a6\u3068\u540c\u3058\u4ed5\u7d44\u307f\u3067\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001VENOSA\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u8449\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8868\u76ae\u3078\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u3092\u9001\u308b\u56e0\u5b50\u306e\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u65b9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u591a\u578b\u304c\u751f\u307f\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002VENOSA\u306e\u767a\u73fe\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5236\u5fa1\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u8449\u8108\u304b\u3089\u8868\u76ae\u3078\u306e\u30b7\u30b0\u30ca\u30eb\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u56e0\u5b50\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u62c5\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u306f\u767a\u751f\u5b66\u7684\u306b\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u304c\u307e\u3060\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n The coloration of A. gigantea<\/i> is formed by the accumulation of pigments, presumably anthocyanins, in some epidermal cells and not in others. The pigment accumulates on and around the leaf veins. In snapdragons, the bHLH transcription factors DELILA and MUTABILIS are expressed in epidermal cells, but they are expressed at the same time as the MYB transcription factor VENOSA, which is expressed radially from the leaf veins to the epidermis (Shang et al., 2011). The cause of the polymorphism in the corolla pattern of A. gigantea <\/i>depends on which veins and how far pigment synthesis is spread. If the mechanism is the same in A. gigantea<\/i> as in snapdragons, the polymorphism may be produced by the spread of factors that signal from the veins to the epidermis in response to VENOSA. How the expression of VENOSA is regulated, i.e. by which factors the signal from the veins to the epidermis is carried, is of great developmental interest but is not yet known.<\/p>\n \u597d\u5947\u5fc3\u3092\u89e6\u767a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3060\u304d\u3001\u6750\u6599\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3044\u305f\u3060\u3044\u305f\u6a0b\u6e21\u7422\u771f\u535a\u58eb\u306b\u5fc3\u3088\u308a\u611f\u8b1d\u7533\u3057\u4e0a\u3052\u307e\u3059\u3002I deeply appreciate Dr. Takuma Hiwatashi for inspiring my curiosity and providing living materials.<\/p>\n Blanco, M.A. (2002). Aristolochia gorgona<\/em> (Aristolochiaceae), a new species with giant flowers from Costa Rica and Panama. Brittonia 54<\/i>, 30\u201339.<\/p>\n Burgess, K., Singfield, J., Mel\u00e9ndez, V., and Kevan, P. (2004). Pollination biology of Aristolochia grandiflora<\/em> (Aristolochiaceae) in Veracruz, Mexico. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 91: 346-356.<\/p>\n de Costa, E.L., and da Hime, N.C. (1981). Biologia floral de Aristolochia gigantea<\/em>\u00a0Mart. et Zucc. (Aristolochiaceae) I. Rodriguesia 33<\/i>, 23\u201369.<\/p>\n Hip\u00f3lito, J., Viana, B.F., Selbach-Schnadelbach, A., Galetto, L., and Kevan, P.G. (2012). Pollination biology and genetic variability of a giant perfumed flower (Aristolochia gigantea<\/em> Mart. and Zucc., Aristolochiaceae) visited mainly by small diptera. Botany 90<\/i>, 815\u2013829.<\/p>\n Martin, K.R., Mor\u00e9, M., Hip\u00f3lito, J., Charlemagne, S., Schlumpberger, B.O., and Raguso, R.A. (2017). Spatial and temporal variation in volatile composition suggests olfactory division of labor within the trap flowers of Aristolochia gigantea<\/em>. Flora 232<\/i>, 153\u2013168.<\/p>\n Oelschl\u00e4gel, B., Gorb, S., Wanke, S., and Neinhuis, C. (2009). Structure and biomechanics of trapping flower trichomes and their role in the pollination biology of Aristolochia<\/em> plants (Aristolochiaceae). The New Phytologist 184<\/i>, 988\u20131002.<\/p>\n Shang, Y., Venail, J., Mackay, S., Bailey, P.C., Schwinn, K.E., Jameson, P.E., Martin, C.R., and Davies, K.M. (2011). The molecular basis for venation patterning of pigmentation and its effect on pollinator attraction in flowers of Antirrhinum<\/em>. The New Phytologist 189<\/i>, 602\u2013615.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Aristolochia gigantea\u306f\u30d6\u30e9\u30b8\u30eb\u306eBahia\u5dde\u3084Minas … \u7d9a\u304d\u3092\u8aad\u3080 ![\"Aristolochia\"](\"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30992.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n![\"Aristolochia\"](\"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30993.jpeg\")
A. gigantea<\/em>\u306e\u82b1\u7b52\u306b\u3082\u3001\u5185\u5074\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u305f\u6bdb\u304c\u5bc6\u751f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u958b\u82b1\u521d\u65e5\u306e\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u751f\u5730\u3067\u306e\u8abf\u67fb\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u96cc\u671f\u3067\u3082\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u985e\u306f\u81ea\u7531\u306b\u51fa\u5165\u308a\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u96c4\u671f\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3082\u82b1\u7b52\u306e\u6bdb\u306f\u3057\u306a\u3073\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046(Hip\u00f3lito et al. 2012)\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3001\u683d\u57f9\u682a\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u958b\u82b1\u521d\u65e5\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u6bdb\u304c\u3001\uff13\u65e5\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u3057\u306a\u3073\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u306e\u3067\u3001\u7a2e\u5185\u591a\u578b\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\uff08\u4e0a\u306e\u5199\u771f\uff09\u3002\u683d\u57f9\u682a\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3082\u3001\u6bdb\u306f\u82b1\u7b52\u3092\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u585e\u3050\u307b\u3069\u306f\u9577\u304f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u3082\u7121\u7406\u3059\u308c\u3070\u8131\u51fa\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3082\u898b\u3048\u308b\u3002\u5f93\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6bdb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7d76\u5bfe\u7684\u306b\u6355\u3089\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5916\u3078\u51fa\u306b\u304f\u304f\u3057\u3064\u3064\u3001\u871c\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u96c4\u671f\u306b\u306a\u308b\u307e\u3067\u30ce\u30df\u30d0\u30a8\u3092\u82b1\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u6ede\u5728\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n![\"Aristolochia\"](\"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30994.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n![\"Aristolochia\"](\"http:\/\/www.nibb.ac.jp\/plantdic\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/\u30b9\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u30995.jpeg\")
<\/p>\n